The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives

Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries play an important role in the life quality of modern society as the dominant technology for use in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets and laptops. Beyond this application lithium-ion batteries are the preferred option for the emerging electric vehicle sector, while still underexploited in power supply systems, especially in combination with photovoltaics and wind power. As a technological component, lithium-ion batteries present huge global potential towards energy sustainability and substantial reductions in carbon emissions. A detailed review is presented herein on the state of the art and future perspectives of Li-ion batteries with emphasis on this potential.

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Abbreviations
BMSBattery management systemCAESCompressed air energy storageDoDDepth of dischargeEESElectric energy storageEVElectric vehicleGHGGreenhouse gasesHEVHybrid electric vehicleICEVInternal combustion engine vehicleLi-ionLithium-ionLCALife cycle assessmentLCOLithium cobalt oxideLEDLight emitting diodeLFPLithium iron phosphateLMOLithium manganese oxideLTOLithium titanateNCALithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxideNiCdNickel-cadmiumNiMHNickel metal hydrideNMCLithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideO&MOperation and maintenancePHEVPlug-in hybrid electric vehiclePHSPumped hydro storagePVPhotovoltaicR&DResearch and developmentSEISolid electrolyte interphaseSHSSolar home systemSOCState of chargeSOHState of healthV2GVehicle to grid
Keywords
Lithium-ion batteryElectric vehiclesPower supply systemsCarbon footprintCritical materials