ʻO Kina ka mākeke EV nui loa o ka honua me 5.5 miliona i kūʻai ʻia mai Malaki 2021. He mea maikaʻi kēia ma nā ʻano he nui.ʻO Kina ka nui o nā kaʻa ma ka honua a ke pani nei kēia i nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻino.Akā aia kēia mau mea i kā lākou mau manaʻo hoʻomau.Aia nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni ma muli o ka unuhi ʻana o nā mea e like me ka lithium a me ka cobalt.Akā ʻo kekahi hopohopo e pili ana i ka pilikia o ka ʻōpala.Ke hoʻomaka nei ʻo Kina e ʻike i ka poʻokela o kēia pilikia.
I ka makahiki 2020. Ua hoopau ia ka 200,000 tons a me ka manao e kakau i ka 780,000 tons i ka makahiki 2025. E nana i ka pilikia o ka paulele EV o Kina a me ka hana ana o ka mākeke EV nui loa o ka honua.
Kokoke o Kinahoʻohana ʻia nā kaʻa uila e nā pākahi lithium ion.He māmā lākou, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu a me ke ola pōʻai lōʻihi, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i koho mua no nā kaʻa uila.ʻEkolu ka nui o nā pila components a anode, a cathode a me ka electrolyte.O kaʻo ia, ʻo ka cathode ke kumu kūʻai nui loa.Hoʻokaʻawale nui mākou ma waena o kēia mau pākaukau ma muli o kā lākou mau moku pōpoki.Nno ka luʻu ʻana i kēia, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻeke uila EV o Kina he mau cathodes i hana ʻia me ka lithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt oxides, i kapa ʻia ʻo MCS.Hoʻopau ʻia kēia mau pākaukau i ka hiki ʻana o ko lākou hiki i ka 80% e like me ko mākou ola lawelawe ma kahi o 8 a 10 mau makahiki.ʻO kēia, ʻoiaʻiʻo, pili i kekahi mau mea e like me ka hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻana, nā hana hoʻokele, a me nā kūlana alanui.
Manaʻo ʻoe makemake e ʻike.Me ka nalu nui mua o nā EVi ke ala i ka makahiki 2010 a i ka makahiki 2011, pono e mākaukau ka ʻōnaehana no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau pila ma ka hopena o nā makahiki he ʻumi.ʻO ia ka paʻakikī a me ka manawa a ke aupuni Kina e hana ai.Ma hope o ka 'Olumepika o Beijing, ua ho'omaka ke Aupuni Kina e ho'olaha i ka hana a me ka ho'ohana 'ana i nā EV i ka lehulehu.I kēia manawa, ʻo nā lula wale nō a lākou i hoʻopuka ai, ʻo ia nā kūlana palekana o ka ʻoihana.No ka mea, nui nā ʻāpana pākahi he mea ʻawaʻawa.ʻIke ʻia ka 2010 mua i ka ulu ʻana o ka kaʻa uila a me ia ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana e pono ai kahi ala e hana ai i kā lākou ʻōpala.
I ka makahiki 2012, helevernmeUa hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i kahi alakaʻi kulekele no ka ʻoihana EV holoʻokoʻa i loko o ia mea no ka manawa mua, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ke alakaʻi i ka pono, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe.r mau mea, he ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe uila EV hana.I ka makahiki 2016, ua hui pū kekahi mau ʻoihana e hoʻokumu i kahi kuhikuhi hoʻokahi no ka pilikia ʻōpala o ka pā uila EV.Na nā mea hana EV ke kuleana no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā pila o kā lākou kaʻa.Pono lākou e hoʻokumu i nā ʻoihana lawelawe ma hope o ke kūʻai ʻana iā lākou iho a hilinaʻi paha i ka ʻaoʻao ʻekolu e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻōpala EV.
He manaʻo ko ke aupuni Kina e haʻi mua i kahi kulekele, alakaʻi a kuhikuhi paha ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā lula kikoʻī ma hope.ʻO ka hoʻolaha 2016 e hōʻailona maikaʻi i nā hui EV e manaʻo hou aʻe i kēia i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.No laila, i ka makahiki 2018, ua puka wikiwiki mai ke kaʻina hana kulekele, i kapa ʻia ʻo nā hana interim no ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka hana hou a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pihi mana o nā kaʻa ikehu hou.Manaʻo ʻoe inā kapa ʻoe i ka manaʻo eaves a me nā hybrids.ʻO ke kino hoʻokō ka Ministry of Industry and Information Technology a i ʻole MIIT.
Ua hoohiki hopei ka makahiki 2016, ua kau nui ka framework i ke kuleana ma nā hui pilikino e like me nā mea hana pākaukau EV a me EV e pili ana i kēia pilikia.E ove ke aupunie ʻike i kekahi mau ʻano ʻenehana o ka hana, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hana iā lākou iho.Kūkulu ʻia kēia ʻano hana ma luna o kahi kulekele hoʻomalu ākea a ka poʻe Kina i hāpai.Kāhea ʻia ʻo Extended producer Responsibility a i ʻole EPR.ʻO ka manaʻo uhane ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kuleana i luna mai nā aupuni kūloko a me nā panalāʻau i nā mea hana ponoʻī.
Ua hoʻohana ke aupuni Kina i ka EPR, aʻu i manaʻoʻiʻo ai i puka mai i waho o ke kula komohana i ka makahiki 2000.Ma ke ʻano he pane i nā kuhikuhi EU e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka pilikia ʻōpala E, a he manaʻo intuitive inā ʻo ke aupuni ka mea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kēia ʻōpala E.ʻAʻole e hoʻoikaika ʻia nā ʻoihana e hana i ka ʻōpala e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kā lākou mau mea.No laila, ma ka manaʻo o ka EPR, pono nā mea hana pālolo EV a pau e hoʻolālā i nā pihi maʻalahi e hoʻokaʻawale a hāʻawi i nā kikoʻī ʻenehana, hope o ke ola i kā lākou mea kūʻai aku - ʻO nā māka EV ae hoʻonohonoho a hoʻokele paha nā māka EV i kā lākou hōʻiliʻili pākaukau ponoʻī a me nā pūnaewele hana hou a i ʻole e hoʻokuʻu aku iā lākou i kahi ʻaoʻao ʻekolu.E kōkua ke aupuni i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kūlana ʻāina e hoʻomāmā i ke kaʻina hana.Me he mea lā maikaʻi ke kiʻi ma ka ʻili, akā aia kekahi mau drawbacks maopopo loa.
I kēia manawa ua ʻike mākou i ka mōʻaukala a me nā kulekele, hiki iā mākou ke luʻu hou i loko o kekahi mau kikoʻī ʻenehana e pili ana i ka hana hou ʻana o ka pā uila EV.Ua komo nā ʻōhua i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana ma o ʻelua ala mai nā kaʻa e hoʻololi ana i ka pākaukau a mai nā kaʻa.I ka pau ana o ko lakou ola ana.No ka mea hope, aia ka pākaukau i loko o ke kaʻa a hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka hopena o ke kaʻina hoʻopau ola.Ke hoʻomau nei kēia i kahi kaʻina hana manual, ʻoi aku ma Kina.Ma hope o kēlā, he hana i kapa ʻia ʻo pretreatment.Pono e huki ʻia nā keena pākaukau mai loko aʻe o ka ʻeke a wehe ʻia, he mea paʻakikī ia no ka mea ʻaʻohe hoʻolālā pākaukau maʻamau.No laila pono e hana ʻia me ka lima me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana kūikawā.
Ke wehe ʻia ka pākaukaud, he aha ka hana next i ke ʻano o ka pākaukau lithium-ion i loko o ke kaʻa.E hoʻomaka kākou me ka pākaukau NMC, ka mea maʻamau ma Kina.ʻEhā mau ʻeke ʻeke NMC makemake e hoʻihoʻi hou.ʻO nā mea hana cathode.Manaʻo ka loiloi hoʻokele waiwai ʻo 2019 ʻoiai ʻo 4% wale nō o ke kaumaha o nā pākaukau, ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o 60% o ka waiwai hoʻōla holoʻokoʻa.ʻO nā ʻenehana hana hou ʻana o NMC he ʻano makua.Ua paionia ʻo Sony i ka makahiki 1999. ʻElua mau ʻano ʻenehana nui, Pyro metallurgical a me hydro metallurgical.E hoʻomaka kākou me Pyro metallurgical.ʻO Pyro ke ʻano o ke ahi.Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pākaukau i ka hao, keleawe, cobalt, a me nickel.
Hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka mea maikaʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana hydro metallurgical.Pau nā ʻano pyro.ʻO nā electrolytes, plastics a me nā paʻakai lithium.No laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā mea a pau.Hoʻokuʻu ia i nā kinoea ʻawaʻawa e pono e hana ʻia, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ikehu, akā ua hoʻohana nui ʻia e ka ʻoihana.Hoʻohana nā ʻano hana hydro metallurgical i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe wai e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea i makemake ʻia e ka cobalt mai ka pūhui.ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau ka sulfuric acid a me ka hydrogen peroxide, akā he nui nā mea ʻē aʻe.ʻAʻole kūpono kēia mau ʻano hana a pono e hana hou e hoʻoponopono i kā lākou hemahema ʻenehana.He 30% o ka mākeke EV Kina e like me 2019. ʻAʻole kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka ikehu o kēia mau puʻupuʻu e like me ko lākou mau hoa NMC, akā ʻaʻohe mea e like me ka nickel a me ka cobalt.Ma laila nō paha ka palekana.
ʻO Kina hoʻi ke alakaʻi honuaer i ka ʻepekema a me ke kālepa ʻana o ka lithium iron phosphate, nā ʻenehana pākaukau, ka hui Kina, ka ʻenehana ampere o kēia manawa.ʻO ia kekahi o nā alakaʻi hana ma kēia wahi.Pono e hiki i ka ʻoihana o ka ʻāina ke hana hou i kēia mau cell.ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻana, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hana hou ʻana i kēia mau mea ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.ʻO kēia kekahi ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano mea like ʻole o nā mea, kahi e pono ai ka hana pretreatment pipiʻi, and a laila lithium hoʻokele waiwaiʻAʻole like nā metala waiwai o nā pā hao phosphate e like me nā ʻeke NMC i ʻike i ka nickel, copper, a i ʻole cobalt.A ua alakaʻi ia i kahi pōloli o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ma ka niche.Aia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hydro metallurgical hoʻohiki i hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka 85% o ka lithium ma ke ʻano o ka lithium carbonate.ʻO ka manaʻo kuhi he $650 ke kumukūʻaie hanahoʻokahi tona o nā pākahi lithium hao phosphate i pau.Loaʻa ia i ka ikehu a me ke kumu kūʻai, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ke kumukūʻai o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka halehale hana.ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou a kūʻai hou aku i ka lithium hiki ke kōkua i ka hana hou ʻana i ʻoi aku ka hiki ke hana, akā ʻaʻole mau ke kiure i kēia.ʻAʻole anei i hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau ʻano hana ma ke ʻano kālepa?ʻO ka 2018 framework e waiho i kahi nui, akā waiho ia i kekahi mau mea e makemake ʻia.E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai i ke ola, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea āpau ke hoʻokele i kahi kakaka liʻiliʻi.Aia kekahi mau puka i nalowale ma ʻaneʻi, no laila, e kamaʻilio liʻiliʻi kākou e pili ana i kekahi o nā nīnau kulekele e kū nei i ka lewa.ʻO ka pahuhopu helu helu poʻomanaʻo ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a i ʻole ka uku hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā mea maka.98% o ka nickel cobalt, manganese 85% no ka lithium pono'ī a me 97% no nā mea ʻike honua.ʻO ka oretically, hiki kēia a pau.No ka laʻana, ua kamaʻilio wale wau e pili ana i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka 85% a i ʻole ka nui o ka lithium mai nā pākahi lithium hao phosphate.Ua ʻōlelo pū wau he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻokō i kēia kiʻekiʻe theoretical ma muli o nā hemahema o ka honua maoli a me nā ʻokoʻa ma ka honua.E hoʻomanaʻo, nui nā ʻano e hiki ai ke hana ʻia nā cell battery.Hoʻopili ʻia, kūʻai ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia.ʻAʻohe wahi ma kahi kokoke i ka standardization a mākou e ʻike nei me nā pahu cylindrical i kūʻai ʻia ma kāu 711. Ua nele ka ʻōnaehana kulekele i nā haʻawina paʻa a me ke kākoʻo aupuni no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia i ke ola maoli.ʻO kekahi hopohopo nui ʻo ka hoʻolālā kulekele hoʻokele waiwai ʻaʻolee hoʻokaʻawale i ke kālā no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā pākaukau i hoʻohana ʻia.Aia kekahi mau polokalamu hoʻokele kūʻai hou e holo ʻia e nā kaona, akā ʻaʻohe mea ma ka pae aupuni.Hiki ke hoʻololi kēia, me ka ʻauhau a i ʻole ka ʻauhau, akā i kēia manawa pono nā mea pāʻani pilikino e hoʻolilo iā lākou iho.He pilikia kēia no ka mea he liʻiliʻi ka manaʻo hoʻokele waiwai no kēia mau mea hana EV nui e hōʻiliʻili a hana hou i kā lākou mau pā.
Mai 2008 a 2015, ua emi ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana a me ka pā uila EV mai 1000 USD no ka hola kilowatt a i 268. Manaʻo ʻia kēlā ʻano e hoʻomau i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o nā kumukūʻai i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ka manawa, akā i ka manawa like ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa lākou i ka manaʻo e hōʻiliʻili a hana hou i kēia mau pā.A no ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o kēia mau ʻokoʻa mai kekahi i kekahi, he paʻakikī ke hoʻonui i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana, no laila ua lilo ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa i kumu kūʻai no kā lākou mea hana.ʻO wai ka mea i hana ma nā palena paʻa loa e hoʻomaka ai?
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka poʻe hana EV ma ke kānāwai ka mea mua i ka laina e mālama a hoʻihoʻi hou i kā lākou mau pila kahiko i hoʻohana ʻia, a ʻoiai ʻo ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻoikaika lākou i ka hui pū ʻana me nā hui nui e hoʻonohonoho i nā ala kūhelu e hana hou i kahi pākaukau.Ua ulu mai kekahi mau hui hana hou.ʻO nā laʻana e like me ka hana hou ʻana o Tyson iā Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt.Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, Hunan Brunp a me ke alakaʻi mākeke GEM.Akā, ʻoiai ke ola ʻana o kēia mau ʻoihana nui i laikini ʻia, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻāpana hana hou ʻana o Kina he mau hale liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻole.ʻAʻole i loaʻa i kēia mau hale kūʻai maʻamau nā mea hana kūpono a i ʻole ke aʻo ʻana.Hele lākou i kawn ma luna o kēia mau pila no kā lākou mau mea cathode, kūʻai hou aku iā lākou i ka mea kūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa a hoʻolei i ke koena.ʻIke loa, he palekana nui kēia a me ka pōʻino kaiapuni.Ma muli o kēia kaʻe ʻana o nā lula a me nā hoʻoponopono, hiki i kēia mau hale kūʻai ʻoki ke uku hou aku i nā mea nona ka EV no kā lākou mau pila, a no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o, quote, unquote official channels.No laila, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka lithium-ion recycling rate ma Kina i ka makahiki 2015. Ma kahi o 2%.Ua piʻi ʻo ia i 10% i ka makahiki 2019. Ua kuʻi ʻo ia i kahi lāʻau ʻoi i ka maka, akā mamao loa kēia mai ka maikaʻi.A ʻaʻole hoʻonohonoho ka hoʻolālā 2018 i kahi pahuhopu i nā helu hōʻiliʻili pākaukau.ʻO kahi haʻalele ʻana.Ke hakakā nei ʻo Kina me kēia pilikia ma kahi pākaukau ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka pākaukau lead acid, kēia ʻenehana 150 makahiki.hoʻohana nui ʻia ma Kina.Hāʻawi lākou i ka mana hōkū no kā lākou mau kaʻa a kaulana loa no nā kaʻa E.ʻOiai kēia i nā lula hou e paipai i ka hoʻololi ʻana iā lākou me ka lithium ion.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lōʻihi loa ka hana hou ʻana o Kina i ka pākaukau lead acid i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia a me nā pae.I ka makahiki 2017, emi iho ma lalo o 30% o ka 3.3 miliona tons o ka ʻōpala pākīkī lead acid i hana ʻia ma Kina.ʻO nā kumu o kēia haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa like loa me ka pahu lithium ion.ʻAʻole hiki i nā hale kūʻai ʻoki ʻoki ʻole ke kū i nā lula a me nā hoʻoponopono a no laila hiki iā lākou ke uku i ka nui o nā mea kūʻai.Ua hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe Roma ʻaʻole ʻo ke kēpau ka mea maikaʻi loa i ke kaiapuni ma waho.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Kina i nā hanana ʻino kepau nui i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma muli o kēia hana kūpono ʻole.No laila, ua hoʻohiki ke aupuni e hoʻopau i kēia mau hale kūʻai ʻike ʻole, kahi i manaʻo ʻia aia ma luna o 200 ma ka ʻāina.ʻO ka pahuhopu ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a paʻi i ka pākēneka recycling 40% i 2020 a me 70% i 2025. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻo ka pākēneka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka pākēneka alakaʻi ma ʻAmelika aia ma 99% mai ka liʻiliʻi loa o 2014, ʻaʻole pono ia paʻakikī.
E noʻonoʻo ana i ka ʻenehana a me ka economic pilikia pili i ka recycling EV batteries, ua noʻonoʻo ka ʻoihana i nā ala e hoʻohana hou ai i kēia mau mea ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana iā lākou i ko lākou lua kupapaʻu.ʻO ke koho kiʻekiʻe loa e hoʻohana hou iā lākou i nā papahana mana.He 80% ka mana o kēia mau pila, a hiki ke hele i nā makahiki he nui ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka maikaʻi.Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ʻAmelika i ke ala ma ʻaneʻi.Ma hope o ka ho'āʻo ʻana me nā pākahi kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia no nā papahana mālama ʻana i ka ikehu mai ka makahiki 2002. Akā ua hana ʻo Kina i kekahi mau papahana hōʻike hoihoi.ʻO kekahi o nā hana lōʻihi loa ʻo ia ka Zhangbei wind and solar energy project ma ka moku ʻo Hebei.ʻO ka papahana $1.3 biliona ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika hui ʻana mai ka ʻoihana mokuʻāina ʻo Kina State Grid a me ka mea hana pā uila EV BYD, i hōʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana Second Life EV e kākoʻo a mālama i kahi pā mana.Ua piʻi hou aʻe nā papahana hoʻoheheʻe pākahi EV i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma Beijing, Jiangsu i ka ʻōpala a ʻālohilohi.Ke kau nei ke aupuni i ka manaʻo nui i kēia, akā manaʻo wau ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka pilikia hana hou e hoʻoponopono ai.No ka mea, ʻo ka hopena hiki ʻole o kēlā me kēia pākaukau ke hana hou a i ʻole ka pae ʻāina.Ua hana maikaʻi ke aupuni Kina i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana ʻana o kēia kaiaola ulu.ʻO ka ʻāina ke alakaʻi i nīnau ʻole ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano o ka ʻenehana pākaukau a ʻo kekahi, aia nā V giants ma laila.Loaʻa iā lākou ka manawa e hoʻopololei maoli ai i ka pihi i nā hoʻokuʻu kaʻa.No laila ma kekahi ʻano, he pilikia maikaʻi kēia pilikia recycling.He hōʻailona ia o ka holomua o Kina.Akā ʻo ka pilikia ka pilikia a ke kauo nei ka ʻoihana i kona mau wāwae a hoʻokumu i nā ʻoihana hana hou, nā lula a me nā ʻenehana.
Hiki i ke Aupuni Kina ke nānā i ke kulekele ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ke alakaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana a me ka ʻae ʻana i nā ʻano hana hana hou o nā mea kūʻai aku.A pono e hāʻawi ʻia nā haʻawina i nā ʻoihana i ka ʻoihana hana mua a me ka hana hou ʻana, ʻaʻole wale i ka hana ʻana.A i ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni e pili ana i kēia mau pākaukau ma mua o nā pōmaikaʻi e loaʻa iā mākou mai ka hoʻololi ʻana iā EV.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-01-2023