China ndi msika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse wa magalimoto amagetsi (EV) ndipo magalimoto opitilira 5.5 miliyoni agulitsidwa kuyambira mu Marichi 2021. Ichi ndi chinthu chabwino m'njira zambiri. China ili ndi magalimoto ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo awa akulowa m'malo mwa mpweya woipa wowononga chilengedwe. Koma zinthuzi zili ndi nkhawa zawo zokhazikika. Pali nkhawa zokhudza kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutulutsa zinthu monga lithiamu ndi cobalt. Koma nkhawa ina ikukhudzana ndi vuto la zinyalala lomwe likubwera. China ikuyamba kukumana ndi vuto lalikulu la vutoli.
Mu 2020, matani 200,000 a mabatire adachotsedwa ntchito ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuyembekezeka kufika matani 780,000 pofika chaka cha 2025. Onani vuto lomwe likubwera la mabatire a EV ku China komanso zomwe msika waukulu kwambiri wa EV padziko lonse lapansi ukuchita pa vutoli.
Pafupifupi zonse za ku ChinaMagalimoto amagetsi amayendetsedwa ndi mabatire a lithiamu ion. Ndi opepuka, amphamvu kwambiri komanso amakhala nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale chisankho choyamba pamagalimoto amagetsi. Mabatire ali ndi ma c atatu akuluakulu.zinthu zophatikizika ndi anode, cathode ndi electrolyte.se, cathode ndi yokwera mtengo komanso yofunika kwambiri. Timasiyanitsa kwambiri mabatire awa kutengera maboti awo a paka.Sitiyenera kuzama kwambiri pa izi, koma mabatire ambiri a EV aku China ali ndi ma cathode opangidwa ndi lithiamu, nickel, manganese, ndi cobalt oxides, omwe amatchedwa MCS. Mabatire awa amasiya kugwira ntchito pamene mphamvu zawo zifika pafupifupi 80% mogwirizana ndi moyo wathu wa zaka pafupifupi 8 mpaka 10. Izi, ndithudi, zimadalira zinthu zina monga kuchuluka kwa chaji, kachitidwe koyendetsa galimoto, ndi momwe msewu ulili.
Ndaganiza kuti mukufuna kudziwa. Ndi mafunde oyamba akuluakulu a magalimoto amagetsiPopeza kuti zinthu zinayamba kuyenda bwino kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2011, zomangamanga zosonkhanitsira ndi kukonza mabatire amenewa ziyenera kukhala zitakonzeka posachedwa pofika kumapeto kwa zaka khumi. Umenewo unali vuto ndi nthawi yomwe boma la China linayenera kuthana nayo. Pambuyo pa Olimpiki ya Beijing, Boma la China linayamba kukweza kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma EV kwa anthu onse. Panthawiyi malamulo okhawo omwe adapereka ndi omwe adagwirizana nawo ndi miyezo yachitetezo cha makampani. Popeza zigawo zambiri za mabatire ndi zoopsa kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2010 kunawona kukwera kwa magalimoto amagetsi ndipo motero kufunika kokulirakulira kwa njira yothetsera zinyalala zawo.
Mu 2012, ulendovernmeNT idatulutsa malangizo a mfundo zamakampani onse amagetsi omwe ali mmenemo koyamba, malangizowo adagogomezera kufunika, pakati pa enaZinthu za r, njira yogwirira ntchito yobwezeretsanso mabatire a EV. Mu 2016, maunduna angapo adagwirizana kuti akhazikitse njira yogwirizana yothetsera vuto la zinyalala za mabatire a EV. Opanga ma EV adzakhala ndi udindo wobwezeretsa mabatire a magalimoto awo. Ayenera kukhazikitsa maukonde awoawo ogulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa kapena kudalira chipani chachitatu kuti chisonkhanitse mabatire a EV.
Boma la China limakonda kulengeza kaye mfundo, malangizo kapena malangizo asanakhazikitse malamulo enaake mtsogolo. Chilengezo cha 2016 chikuwonetsa makampani a EV kuti ayembekezere zambiri pa izi m'zaka zikubwerazi. Motero, mu 2018, kutsatira ndondomeko ya mfundo kunatuluka mwachangu, yotchedwa njira zoyendetsera ntchito zobwezeretsanso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire amagetsi a magalimoto atsopano amphamvu. Mumadzifunsa ngati mukutanthauza ma eves komanso ma hybrids. Bungwe loyang'anira malamulo lidzakhala Unduna wa Zamalonda ndi Ukadaulo Wazidziwitso kapena MIIT.
Yalonjeza kubwereraMu 2016, dongosololi limaika udindo waukulu pa mabungwe achinsinsi monga opanga mabatire a EV ndi EV omwe amathetsa vutoli. Boma lidzachita izi.Onani mbali zina zaukadaulo za ntchitoyi, koma sadzachita okha. Ndondomekoyi yamangidwa pamwamba pa mfundo yoyendetsera ntchito yomwe anthu aku China adatenga. Imatchedwa Extended Producer Responsibility kapena EPR. Lingaliro lauzimu ndikusamutsa udindo kuchokera ku maboma am'deralo ndi a zigawo kupita kwa opanga okha.
Boma la China linagwiritsa ntchito EPR, yomwe ndikukhulupirira kuti inachokera ku maphunziro aku Western kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Poyankha malangizo a EU okhudza vuto la zinyalala za E zomwe zikukulirakulira, ndipo n'zomveka ngati boma nthawi zonse limakhala loyeretsa zinyalala zonse za E. Makampani omwe amapangitsa kuti zinyalalazo zisalimbikitsidwe kuti zinthu zawo zigwiritsidwenso ntchito mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, motsatira mzimu wa EPR, opanga mabatire onse a EV ayenera kupanga mabatire omwe ndi osavuta kuwasakaniza ndikupereka tsatanetsatane waukadaulo, womaliza kwa makasitomala awo - EV imalemba chizindikiro chaMa EV markers akhazikitse ndikuyendetsa ma network awo osonkhanitsira ndi kubwezeretsanso mabatire kapena kuwapereka kwa anthu ena. Boma lithandiza kukhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko lonse kuti isinthe njira. Dongosololi likuwoneka bwino kwambiri, koma pali zovuta zina zomveka bwino.
Tsopano popeza tadziwa mbiri ndi mfundo zake, kenako titha kulowa m'njira zingapo zaukadaulo zokhudza kubwezeretsanso mabatire a EV. Mabatire omwe adachotsedwa ntchito adalowa mu dongosololi kudzera m'njira ziwiri kuchokera ku magalimoto omwe akusinthidwa mabatire ndi kuchokera ku magalimoto. Pamapeto a moyo wawo. Kwa omaliza, batire ikadali mkati mwa galimoto ndipo imachotsedwa ngati gawo la njira yomaliza ya kusweka kwa moyo. Iyi ikadali njira yogwiritsira ntchito pamanja, makamaka ku China. Pambuyo pake ndi sitepe yotchedwa chithandizo choyambirira. Ma cell a batire ayenera kutulutsidwa mu paketi ndikutsegulidwa, zomwe ndi zovuta chifukwa palibe kapangidwe ka batire wamba. Chifukwa chake ziyenera kuchitika ndi manja pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera.
Batire ikachotsedwad, chimachitika ndi chiyanixt zimatengera mtundu wa batire ya lithiamu-ion mkati mwa galimoto. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi batire ya NMC, yomwe imapezeka kwambiri ku China. Mabatire anayi a NMC omwe amabwezeretsanso zinthu akufuna kubwezeretsanso. Zipangizo zogwira ntchito za cathode. Kusanthula kwachuma kwa 2019 kukuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kuti amapanga 4% yokha ya kulemera kwa mabatire, amapanga zoposa 60% ya mtengo wonse wa batire. Ukadaulo wobwezeretsanso wa NMC ndi wachikulire. Sony idayamba mu 1999. Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zaukadaulo, Pyro metallurgical ndi hydro metallurgical. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi Pyro metallurgical. Pyro amatanthauza moto. Batireyo imasungunuka kukhala alloy yachitsulo, mkuwa, cobalt, ndi nickel.
Zinthu zabwinozo zimatengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira za hydro metallurgical. Njira za Pyro zimayaka. Ma electrolyte, mapulasitiki ndi mchere wa lithiamu. Chifukwa chake sizinthu zonse zomwe zingathe kubwezeretsedwa. Zimatulutsa mpweya woopsa womwe umafunika kukonzedwa, ndipo zimadya mphamvu zambiri, koma zakhala zikuvomerezedwa kwambiri ndi makampani opanga. Njira za hydro metallurgical zimagwiritsa ntchito solute yamadzi kuti zilekanitse zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa ndi cobalt kuchokera ku mankhwalawo. Zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi sulfuric acid ndi hydrogen peroxide, koma palinso zina zambiri. Palibe njira iliyonse mwa izi yomwe ndi yabwino ndipo ntchito yowonjezera ikufunika kuti ithetse zofooka zawo zaukadaulo. Mabatire a Lithium iron phosphate amapanga pafupifupi 30% ya msika wa EV waku China kuyambira 2019. Mabatire awa mphamvu zambiri sizili ngati za NMC, koma alibe zinthu monga nickel ndi cobalt. Palinso zotetezeka.
China ndiye mtsogoleri padziko lonse lapansiNdi imodzi mwa makampani opanga zinthu m'derali. Ndi imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu opanga zinthu m'derali. Ndikoyenera kuti makampani a dzikolo athe kubwezeretsanso maselo amenewa. Komabe, kubwezeretsanso zinthuzi kwakhala kovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti ali ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimafuna ntchito yowonjezera yokwera mtengo yokonza zinthu,kenako ndi lithiamu yachumaMabatire a phosphate achitsulo alibe zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zomwezo monga mabatire a NMC omwe amadziwa nickel, copper, kapena cobalt. Ndipo izi zapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri asamagwiritse ntchito ndalama zambiri. Pali mayeso ena abwino a hydro metallurgical omwe akwanitsa kutulutsa mpaka 85% ya lithiamu mu mawonekedwe a lithiamu carbonate.Malingaliro akuti mtengo wake ungakwere pafupifupi $650kukonzamabatire ambiri a lithiamu iron phosphate omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zikuphatikizapo mphamvu ndi mtengo wa zinthu, osawerengera mtengo womangirafakitale. Kubwezeretsa ndi kugulitsanso lithiamu kungathandize kuti kubwezeretsanso zinthu kukhale kosavuta kuchita, koma oweruza akadali pankhaniyi. Kodi njira izi sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito pamlingo wamalonda? Ndondomeko ya 2018 ikupereka zambiri, koma imasiya zinthu zingapo zofunika. Monga tonse tikudziwira m'moyo, sizinthu zonse zomwe zimapita patsogolo pang'ono. Pali mabowo ochepa omwe akusowa pano, choncho tiyeni tikambirane pang'ono za mafunso ena andale omwe adakalipo. Cholinga chachikulu cha ziwerengero pakutulutsa kapena kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangira. 98% ya nickel cobalt, manganese 85% ya lithiamu yokha ndi 97% ya zinthu zosadziwika bwino zapadziko lapansi. Mwachidule, zonsezi ndizotheka. Mwachitsanzo, ndangolankhula za kubwezeretsa 85% kapena kuposerapo ya lithiamu kuchokera ku mabatire a lithiamu iron phosphate. Ndanenanso kuti zidzakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa izi chifukwa cha kusagwira ntchito kwenikweni komanso kusiyana komwe kulipo. Kumbukirani, pali njira zambiri zomwe maselo a batri angapangidwire. Amapakidwa, amagulitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Palibe paliponse pafupi ndi muyezo womwe timawona ndi mabatire ozungulira omwe amagulitsidwa mu 711 yanu. Ndondomeko ya ndondomekoyi ikusowa thandizo lenileni komanso chithandizo cha dziko kuti izi zitheke. Nkhawa ina yayikulu ndi yakuti ndondomeko ya zachuma siigwira ntchito.Tisapereke ndalama zolimbikitsira kusonkhanitsa mabatire akale. Pali mapulogalamu angapo oyesera kugula mabatire omwe akuyendetsedwa ndi maboma, koma palibe chilichonse pamlingo wadziko lonse. Izi zitha kusintha, mwina ndi msonkho kapena msonkho, koma pakadali pano osewera achinsinsi ayenera kudzipezera okha ndalama. Izi ndi vuto chifukwa palibe chilimbikitso chachuma kwa opanga magetsi akuluakulu awa kuti asonkhanitse ndikubwezeretsanso mabatire awo.
Kuyambira mu 2008 mpaka 2015, mtengo wa kupanga ndi mabatire a EV unatsika kuchoka pa 1000 USD pa kilowatt ola limodzi kufika pa 268. Izi zikuyembekezeka kupitirira m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Kutsika kwa ndalama kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupeza kuposa kale lonse, koma nthawi yomweyo kwachepetsanso chilimbikitso chosonkhanitsa ndikubwezeretsanso mabatire awa. Ndipo popeza mabatire awa ndi osiyana, n'kovuta kukulitsa njira zosonkhanitsira ndi kubwezeretsanso mabatire, kotero bizinesi yonseyi ikuwononga ndalama kwa opanga awo. Ndani kale amagwira ntchito pamitengo yochepa kwambiri poyamba?
Komabe, opanga magalimoto amagetsi mwalamulo ndi omwe ali patsogolo pa ntchito yokonza ndi kubwezeretsanso mabatire awo akale omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo ngakhale kuti bizinesi yonseyi sinali yokongola pazachuma, akhala akugwira ntchito mwakhama ndi makampani akuluakulu kuti akhazikitse njira zovomerezeka zokonzanso batire. Makampani angapo akuluakulu obwezeretsanso atuluka. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo Tyson recycling ku Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt. Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, Hunan Brunp ndi mtsogoleri wa msika GEM. Koma ngakhale kuti pali makampani akuluakulu ovomerezeka awa, gawo lalikulu la kubwezeretsanso zinthu ku China limapangidwa ndi malo ochitira misonkhano ang'onoang'ono opanda chilolezo. Masitolo osavomerezeka awa alibe zida kapena maphunziro oyenera. Amapita makamaka kuKugula mabatire awa pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zawo za cathode, kuwagulitsanso kwa omwe akufuna kugula kwambiri ndikutaya zina zonse. Mwachionekere, izi ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha chitetezo ndi chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza malamulo ndi malangizowa, masitolo ogulitsa zinthu awa amatha kulipira eni ake a EV zambiri chifukwa cha mabatire awo, ndipo motero amakondedwa kuposa, quote, unque njira zovomerezeka. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa lithiamu-ion yobwezeretsanso ku China kukadali kotsika kwambiri mu 2015. Kunali pafupifupi 2%. Kuyambira pamenepo kwakula kufika pa 10% mu 2019. Kumadutsa ndodo yakuthwa m'diso, koma izi sizili bwino kwenikweni. Ndipo chimango cha 2018 sichikukhazikitsa chandamale pamitengo yosonkhanitsa mabatire. Kuyiwala kodabwitsa. China yakhala ikulimbana ndi vutoli kumbali ina ya batire, batire yodziwika bwino ya lead acid, ukadaulo wazaka 150 uwu.imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku China. Amapereka mphamvu yapamwamba kwambiri pamagalimoto awo ndipo akadali otchuka kwambiri pa njinga zamoto za E. Izi zikuchitika ngakhale kuti malamulo aposachedwa akulimbikitsa kuti asinthe ndi lithiamu ion. Komabe, kubwezeretsanso batire ya lead acid ku China sikukwaniritsa zomwe amayembekezera komanso zomwe amayembekezera. Mu 2017, zosakwana 30% ya zinyalala za mabatire a lead acid okwana matani 3.3 miliyoni zomwe zimapangidwa ku China zimabwezeretsedwanso. Zifukwa za kuchepa kwa kubwezeretsanso kumeneku ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mlandu wa lithiamu ion. Masitolo osavomerezeka amanyalanyaza malamulo ndi malangizo motero amatha kulipira ndalama zambiri pa mabatire a ogula. Aroma afotokoza momveka bwino kuti lead si chinthu choteteza chilengedwe chomwe chilipo. China yakumana ndi zochitika zambiri zoopsa za poizoni wa lead m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha kusagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kumeneku. Chifukwa chake, boma posachedwapa lalonjeza kuthana ndi masitolo osavomerezeka awa, omwe akuti alipo oposa 200 mdziko lonselo. Cholinga chake ndi kuyesa kupeza 40% ya kubwezeretsanso zinthu mu 2020 ndi 70% mu 2025. Poganizira kuti kuchuluka kwa mabatire obwezeretsanso zinthu mu mabatire a lead acid ku America kwakhala pa 99% kuyambira chaka cha 2014, siziyenera kukhala zovuta kwambiri.
Poganizira zaukadaulo ndi zachilengedwePopeza pali mavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi mabatire a EV obwezeretsanso, makampaniwa aganiza njira zogwiritsira ntchito zinthuzi asanazitumize kumanda. Njira yabwino kwambiri ingakhale kuwagwiritsanso ntchito m'mapulojekiti a gridi yamagetsi. Mabatirewa akadali ndi mphamvu ya 80%, ndipo amatha kupitirira zaka zambiri asanawonongeke. United States ikutsogolera pano. Atayesa mabatire a magalimoto ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa mapulojekiti osungira mphamvu osasinthika kuyambira 2002. Koma China yachita mapulojekiti ena osangalatsa. Chimodzi mwazomwe zikugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ndi pulojekiti ya mphamvu ya mphepo ndi dzuwa ya Zhangbei m'chigawo cha Hebei. Pulojekitiyi ya $1.3 biliyoni imachokera ku mgwirizano wochokera ku kampani ya boma yaku China ya State Grid ndi wopanga mabatire a EV BYD, yawonetsa kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito mabatire a Second Life EV kuthandizira ndikuwongolera gridi yamagetsi. Mapulojekiti ambiri obwezeretsanso mabatire a EV abwera m'zaka zaposachedwa ku Beijing, Jiangsu mpaka kutaya mphamvu ndipo akupitilizabe. Boma likuyang'ana kwambiri izi, koma ndikuganiza kuti pamapeto pake limaletsa vuto lobwezeretsanso lomwe limathetsa vutoli. Chifukwa chomwe sichingapeweke cha batri iliyonse ndi kubwezeretsanso kapena kutaya zinyalala. Boma la China lachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri polimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa chilengedwe ichi chotukuka. Dzikoli ndi mtsogoleri wosatsutsika pankhani zina zaukadaulo wa mabatire ndipo nthawi zina, makampani akuluakulu a V ali kumeneko. Ali ndi mwayi wosintha kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa wa magalimoto. Chifukwa chake, mwanjira ina, vuto lobwezeretsanso zinthu ndi vuto labwino kukhala nalo. Ndi chizindikiro cha kupambana kwa China. Koma vutoli likadali vuto ndipo makampani akhala akukoka mapazi awo ndikukhazikitsa maukonde oyenera obwezeretsanso zinthu, malamulo ndi ukadaulo.
Boma la China lingayang'ane mfundo za ku United States kuti lipeze malangizo ndi kulimbikitsa ndi kulola kuti anthu azitsatira njira zoyenera zobwezeretsanso zinthu. Ndipo ndalama zothandizira ziyenera kuperekedwa kwa makampani omwe ali m'makampani opanga zinthu zamakono asanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ndi kubwezeretsanso zinthu, osati m'makampani opanga okha. Kupanda kutero, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumakhudzana ndi kutaya mabatire awa kudzaposa phindu lililonse lomwe tingapeze posintha kupita ku EV.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-01-2023