China ndiyo musika wemotokari dzemagetsi mukuru pasi rose une mota dzinodarika mamiriyoni mashanu nehafu dzakatengeswa kubva munaKurume 2021. Ichi chinhu chakanaka munzira dzakawanda. China ine mota dzakawanda pasi rose uye idzi dziri kutsiva magasi anokuvadza egreenhouse. Asi zvinhu izvi zvine zvazvinoda kuti zvirambe zviripo. Pane zvinonetsa nezvekukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nekubviswa kwezvinhu zvakaita se lithium ne cobalt. Asi chimwe chinonetsa ndechekuti dambudziko remarara riri kuuya. China iri kutanga kusangana nematambudziko makuru edambudziko iri.
Muna 2020, matani 200,000 emabhatiri akamiswa kushanda uye nhamba iyi inotarisirwa kusvika matani 780,000 panosvika 2025. Tarisa dambudziko riri kuuya rekurasa marara emabhatiri emagetsi emagetsi muChina uye zviri kuitwa nemusika mukuru wemagetsi emagetsi pasi rose.
Zvinenge zvese zveChinaMota dzemagetsi dzinofambiswa nemabhatiri e lithium ion. Dzakareruka, dzine simba rakawanda uye dzinogara kwenguva refu, saka dzinoita kuti dzive sarudzo yekutanga yemota dzinofambiswa nemagetsi. Mabhatiri ane matatu makuru e czvikamu uye anode, cathode uye electrolyte.se, cathode ndiyo inodhura zvikuru uye inokosha. Tinonyanya kusiyanisa mabhatiri aya zvichienderana nemabhoti avo ekati.Hazvidi kunyura zvakanyanya mune izvi, asi mabhatiri mazhinji eEV ekuChina ane ma cathodes akagadzirwa ne lithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt oxides, anonzi MCS. Mabhatiri aya anorega kushanda kana simba rawo rasvika 80% zvichienderana nehupenyu hwedu hwebasa hwemakore angangoita 8 kusvika ku10. Izvi zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sekuchaja kakawanda, maitiro ekutyaira, uye mamiriro emugwagwa.
Ndafunga kuti ungade kuziva. Nekutanga kukuru kwemotokari dzemagetsiKubva muna 2010 kusvika 2011, zvivakwa zvekuunganidza nekugadzirisa mabhatiri aya zvaizofanira kunge zvagadzirwa nekukurumidza pakupera kwemakore gumi. Ndiyo yaive dambudziko nenguva iyo hurumende yeChina yaifanira kugadzirisa. Mushure memitambo yeOlympics yeBeijing, Hurumende yeChina yakatanga kukurudzira kugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwemaEV kune veruzhinji. Panguva ino mitemo chete yavakaburitsa yakataura ndeyemitemo yekuchengetedza indasitiri. Sezvo zvikamu zvakawanda zvemabhatiri zvine chepfu. Kutanga kwa2010 kwakaona kushandiswa kuri kukura kwemotokari yemagetsi uye nekudaro kudiwa kuri kukura nekukurumidza kwenzira yekugadzirisa marara avo.
Muna 2012, kuendavernmeYakaburitsa gwara remutemo weindasitiri yemagetsi yese mairi kekutanga, gwara iri rakasimbisa kudiwa kwekuti, pakati pezvimwe zvinhurthings, sisitimu inoshanda yekudzokorodza mabhatiri eEV. Muna 2016, mahurumende akati wandei akabatana kuti agadzire gwara rakabatana redambudziko remarara emabhatiri eEV. Vagadziri vemagetsi ndivo vaizova nebasa rekuwana mabhatiri emotokari dzavo. Vanofanira kutanga network dzebasa rekutengesa mushure mekutengesa kana kuvimba nebato rechitatu kuti riunganidze mabhatiri emagetsi eEV.
Hurumende yeChina ine tsika yekutanga kuzivisa mutemo, gwara kana gwara isati yaisa mitemo chaiyo gare gare. Chiziviso cha2016 chinoratidza makambani emagetsi kuti atarisire zvakawanda pane izvi mumakore anotevera. Saka, muna 2018, kuteverwa kwehurongwa hwemutemo kwakabuda nekukurumidza, kuine zita rekuti matanho enguva pfupi ekutarisira kudzokorodza uye kushandiswa kwemabhatiri emagetsi emotokari itsva dzemagetsi. Unoshamisika kana uchireva maeves uye zvakare mahybrids. Dare rekuchengetedza mutemo richava Ministry of Industry and Information Technology kana MIIT.
Yakavimbisa zvakareMuna 2016, hurongwa uhwu hunoisa mutoro kumasangano akazvimirira akaita semakambani anogadzira mabheteri emagetsi emagetsi neemagetsi anogadzira mabhatiri emagetsi. Hurumende ichaita izvi.Ona zvimwe zvinhu zvehunyanzvi zvebasa iri, asi havasi kuzozviita vega. Hurongwa uhwu hwakavakirwa pamusoro pemutemo wekutonga wakagamuchirwa nevaChinese. Unonzi Extended Producer Responsibility kana kuti EPR. Pfungwa yemweya ndeyekushandura mutoro kubva kuhurumende dzemunharaunda nedzematunhu kuenda kune vagadziri pachavo.
Hurumende yeChina yakashandisa EPR, iyo ndinofunga kuti yakabva kuWestern academia mukutanga kwema2000. Semhinduro kumirairo yeEU maererano nedambudziko reE waste riri kukura, uye zvine musoro kana hurumende iriyo inogara ichichenesa E waste yese iyi. Makambani anoita kuti marara aya asazombokurudzirwa kuti zvinhu zvavo zvive nyore kudzokororwa. Saka, muEPR, vese vagadziri vemabhatiri eEV vanofanirwa kugadzira mabhatiri ari nyore kubatanidza uye kupa ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, rwekupedzisira kuvatengi vavo - EV inomakaKuti ma EV markers agadzire uye ashandise ma network avo ekuunganidza nekushandisazve mabhatiri kana kuti ape vamwe vanhu. Hurumende ichabatsira kugadza mitemo yenyika kuti iite kuti maitiro acho ave nyore. Hurongwa hwacho hunoita sehwakanaka, asi pane zvimwe zvinhu zvisina kunaka.
Zvino zvatava kuziva nhoroondo nemutemo, tinogona kunyura mune zvishoma zvehunyanzvi nezvekugadzirisa mabhatiri emagetsi. Mabhatiri akabviswa akapinda musystem kuburikidza nenzira mbiri kubva kumotokari dziri kutsiviwa nemabhatiri uye kubva kumotokari. Pakupera kwehupenyu hwavo. Kune yekupedzisira, bhatiri richiri mukati memotokari uye rinobviswa sechikamu chekupera kwehupenyu hwekubvisa. Izvi zvinoramba zviri maitiro emaoko, kunyanya muChina. Mushure meizvozvo danho rinonzi pretreatment. Masero emabhatiri anofanira kuburitswa mupaketi ovhurwa, inova dambudziko sezvo pasina dhizaini yebhatiri yakajairwa. Saka zvinofanirwa kuitwa nemaoko uchishandisa maturusi akasarudzika.
Kana bhatiri rabviswad, chii chinoitika next zvinoenderana nerudzi rwebhatiri re lithium-ion riri mukati memota. Ngatitangei nebhatiri reNMC, iro rinonyanya kuwanikwa muChina. Mabhatiri mana eNMC anodzokorora anoda kudzoreredzwa. Zvinhu zvinoshanda zve cathode. Ongororo yehupfumi ya2019 inofungidzira kuti kunyangwe ichiumba 4% chete yehuremu hwemabhatiri, inoumba anopfuura 60% yehuwandu hwemabhatiri ese. Matekinoroji eNMC ekudzokorora akakura zvishoma. Sony yakatanga muna 1999. Kune nzira mbiri huru dzetekinoroji, Pyro metallurgical uye hydro metallurgical. Ngatitangei nePyro metallurgical. Pyro zvinoreva moto. Bhatiri rinonyungudutswa kuita alloy yesimbi, mhangura, cobalt, uye nickel.
Zvinhu zvakanaka zvinobva zvatorwa uchishandisa nzira dze hydro metallurgical. Nzira dze pyro dzinotsva. Electrolytes, mapurasitiki uye lithium salts. Saka hazvisi zvese zvinogona kudzoserwa. Inoburitsa magasi ane chepfu anoda kugadziriswa, uye inoda simba rakawanda, asi yave ichishandiswa zvakanyanya neindasitiri. Nzira dze hydro metallurgical dzinoshandisa aqueous solvent kuparadzanisa zvinhu zvinodiwa ne cobalt kubva mukomboni. Zvinonyungudutsa zvinonyanya kushandiswa i sulfuric acid ne hydrogen peroxide, asi kune dzimwe dzakawanda zvakare. Hapana imwe yenzira idzi yakanaka uye basa rakawanda rinodiwa kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvavo zvehunyanzvi. Mabhatiri e Lithium iron phosphate anoumba anenge 30% yemusika weChinese EV kusvika muna 2019. Mabhatiri aya esimba haana kuenzana neawo eNMC, asi haana zvinhu zvakaita se nickel ne cobalt. Pamwe panogona kunge paine zvakachengeteka.
China ndiyo iri pamberiwo pasi roseer mune sainzi uye kutengeserana kwe lithium iron phosphate, matekinoroji emabhatiri, kambani yeChina, tekinoroji yemazuva ano yeampere. Ndimumwe wevatungamiriri vekugadzira munzvimbo iyi. Zvinofanira kunge zvine musoro kuti indasitiri yenyika ikwanise kudzokorodza masero aya zvakare. Nekudaro, kudzokorodza zvinhu izvi kwave kwakaoma tekinoroji kupfuura zvaitarisirwa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti zvine musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana wezvinhu, izvo zvinoda basa rekuwedzera rinodhura rekugadzirisa, auyezve nehupfumi lithiumMabhatiri esimbi ephosphate haana simbi dzinokosha dzakafanana nemabhatiri eNMC anozivikanwa nenickel, copper, kana cobalt. Uye izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekushaikwa kwemari mu niche iyi. Kune mamwe maedzo ehydro metallurgical akakwanisa kuburitsa kusvika ku85% ye lithium muchimiro che lithium carbonate.Fungidziro ndeyekuti zvaizodhura mari inosvika $650kugadzirisatani yemabhatiri e-lithium iron phosphate akapedzwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira simba nemari yezvinhu, tisingaverengi mari yekuvakafekitari. Kugona kudzoreredza uye kutengeswazve kwe lithium kunogona kubatsira kuita kuti kudzokorodza kuwedzere kuita mari, asi jury ichiri kutaura nezveizvi. Nzira idzi hadzisati dzashandiswa here pakutengeserana? Hurongwa hwa2018 hunoratidza zvakawanda, asi hunosiya zvinhu zvishoma zvinodiwa. Sezvatinoziva tese muhupenyu, hazvisi zvese zvinofamba zvakanaka. Pane maburi mashoma asipo pano, saka ngatitaurei zvishoma nezvemamwe emibvunzo yemutemo ichiri kutaurwa. Chinangwa chikuru chehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakaburitswa kana huwandu hwekudzoreredza zvinhu zvisina kucheneswa. 98% ye nickel cobalt, manganese 85% ye lithium pachayo uye 97% yezvinhu zvisingawanzoonekwi. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi zvese zvinogoneka. Semuenzaniso, ndichangobva kutaura nezvekudzoreredza 85% kana kupfuura ye lithium kubva kumabhatiri e lithium iron phosphate. Ndakataurawo kuti zvichave zvakaoma kuwana iyi yepamusoro yedzidziso nekuda kwekusashanda zvakanaka uye kusiyana kuripo. Yeuka, kune nzira dzakawanda dzinogona kugadzirwa masero emabhatiri. Akarongedza, akatengeswa uye anoshandiswa. Hapana pedyo nekuenzanisa kwatinoona nemabhatiri e cylindrical anotengeswa mu711 yako. Hurongwa hwemitemo hauna rubatsiro rwakasimba uye rutsigiro rwenyika kuti izvi zviitike. Chimwe chinhu chikuru chinonetsa ndechekuti hurongwa hwemitemo yehupfumi hahunaHatidi kugovera mari yekukurudzira kuunganidzwa kwemabhatiri akamboshandiswa. Kune mapurogiramu mashoma ekuedza kutenga mabhatiri akamboshandiswa nemaguta, asi hapana chimwe chinhu munyika. Izvi zvinogona kuchinja, pamwe nemitero yemutero, asi parizvino makambani ega ega anofanira kuzviwanira mari. Iri idambudziko nekuti hapana chikonzero chehupfumi chinoita kuti vagadziri vemagetsi makuru ava vaunganidze uye vadzokorodze mabhatiri avo.
Kubva muna 2008 kusvika 2015, mutengo wekugadzira nemabhatiri emagetsi wakaderera kubva pa1000 USD paawa imwe neimwe kusvika pa268. Maitiro iwayo anotarisirwa kuramba achienderera mberi mumakore mashoma anotevera. Kudzikira kwemitengo kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuwana kupfuura kare, asi panguva imwe chete zvakaderedzawo kukurudzira kwekuunganidza nekudzokorodza mabhatiri aya. Uye sezvo mabhatiri aya akasiyanawo, zvakaoma kuwedzera nzira dzekuunganidza nekugadzirisa mabhatiri aya, saka basa rese rinozove dambudziko guru kune vagadziri vawo. Ndivanaani vatove vachishanda pamatanho mashoma kutanga?
Zvisinei, vagadziri vemagetsi nemutemo ndivo vanotanga kugadzirisa nekushandisa mabhatiri avo ekare akashandiswa, uye pasinei nekusakwezva kwebhizinesi rese, vanga vachishanda nesimba mukubatana nemakambani makuru kuti vagadzire nzira dzepamutemo dzekushandisa mabhatiri zvakare. Makambani mashoma makuru ekushandisa zvakare akabuda. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Tyson inoshandiswazve kuZhejiang Huayou Cobalt. Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, Hunan Brunp uye mutungamiri wemusika GEM. Asi pasinei nekuvapo kwemakambani makuru aya ane marezenisi, ruzhinji rwevashandi vekuChina vanogadzira maworkshop madiki asina marezenisi. Mashopu aya asina kurongeka haana maturusi kana kudzidziswa kwakakodzera. Vanoenda kuVanoshandisa mabhatiri aya kuti vawane zvinhu zvavo zve cathode, vachiatengesazve kune anotenga zvakanyanya vobva varasa mamwe ese. Zviri pachena kuti iyi injodzi huru yekuchengetedzeka uye nharaunda. Nekuda kwekusateerera mitemo nemirau iyi, zvitoro izvi zvinogona kubhadhara varidzi vemagetsi akawanda pamabhatiri avo, uye nekudaro zvinofarirwa kupfuura, quote, uncote official channels. Saka, mwero wekudzokorodza lithium-ion muChina uchiri wakaderera muna 2015. Waive 2%. Kubvira ipapo wakura kusvika 10% muna 2019. Unopfuura tsvimbo yakapinza muziso, asi izvi zvichiri kure nezvakanaka. Uye hurongwa hwa2018 hahuna chinangwa pahuwandu hwemabhatiri anounganidzwa. Kusaririra kunoshamisa. China yanga ichirwisana nedambudziko iri pane imwe bhatiri, bhatiri rine lead acid, tekinoroji iyi ine makore 150 ekuberekwa.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muChina. Vanopa simba guru remotokari dzavo uye vachiri kufarirwa zvikuru nemabhasikoro eE. Izvi zviri kuitika pasinei nemitemo mitsva yekukurudzira kutsiva ne lithium ion. Zvisinei, kudzokororwa kwemabhatiri e lead acid muChina hakusviki pane zvaitarisirwa uye zviyero. Muna 2017, pasi pe30% yematani 3.3 miriyoni ematani emarara emabhatiri e lead acid anogadzirwa muChina anodzokororwa. Zvikonzero zvechikamu ichi chidiki chekudzokororwa kwakafanana zvikuru ne lithium ion case. Mashopu ekucheka asina kurongeka anotevedzera mitemo nemirau uye nekudaro anogona kubhadhara mari yakawanda yemabhatiri evatengi. VaRoma vakajekesa kuti lead haisiriyo chinhu chine hushamwari kune nharaunda. China yakasangana nezviitiko zvakawanda zve chepfu ye lead mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwekubata uku kusina kunaka. Saka, hurumende munguva pfupi yapfuura yakavimbisa kupwanya zvitoro izvi zvisina kurongeka, izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinopfuura 200 munyika yese. Chinangwa ndechekuedza kusvika pa40% muzana yekudzokorodza zvinhu muna 2020 uye 70% muna 2025. Tichifunga kuti huwandu hwemabheteri anodzokorodza zvinhu muAmerica hwave pa99% kubvira mugore ra2014, hazvifanirwe kunge zvakaoma kudaro.
Tichifunga nezvehunyanzvi uye zvakatipoteredzaNekuda kwematambudziko makuru ane chekuita nekudzokorodza mabhatiri eEV, indasitiri iyi yakafunga nezvenzira dzekushandisa zvinhu izvi zvakanyanya isati yaatumira kurufu rwayo. Sarudzo yepamusoro-soro ingave yekuashandisazve mumapurojekiti emagetsi. Mabhatiri aya achiri ne80% yekugona, uye achiri kukwanisa kubva mumakore mazhinji asati apera zvachose. United States ndiyo iri kutungamira pano. Mushure mekuedza mabhatiri emota dzakamboshandiswa pamapurojekiti ekuchengetedza simba kubva muna 2002. Asi China yakaita mamwe mapurojekiti anonakidza ekuratidzira. Imwe yeanoshanda kwenguva refu ndeye Zhangbei wind and solar energy project mudunhu reHebei. Purojekiti iyi yemadhora mabhiriyoni 1.3 inobva mukushanda pamwe chete kwekambani yehurumende yeChina State Grid neEV battery inogadzira BYD, yakaratidza kugona kushandisa mabhatiri eSecond Life EV kutsigira nekutarisira grid yemagetsi. Mamwe mapurojekiti ekugadzirisa mabhatiri eEV akaonekwa mumakore achangopfuura muBeijing, Jiangsu uye ari kuenderera mberi. Hurumende iri kuisa pfungwa dzakawanda pane izvi, asi ndinofunga kuti pakupedzisira inodzivisa dambudziko rekugadzirisa mabhatiri rinorigadzirisa. Nekuti mugumo usingadzivisiki webhatiri rega rega kungave kudzokorodza kana kurasira marara. Hurumende yeChina yakaita basa rakanaka mukukurudzira kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo iyi inobudirira. Nyika iyi ndiyo inotungamira mune zvimwe zvinhu zvetekinoroji yemabhatiri uye zvakasiyana-siyana, maV giants aripo. Vane mukana wekugadzirisa kuburitswa kwemhepo inoburitsa utsi mumotokari. Saka neimwe nzira, nyaya iyi yekudzokorodza zvinhu idambudziko rakanaka kuva naro. Ichi chiratidzo chekubudirira kweChina. Asi dambudziko richiri dambudziko uye indasitiri iyi yanga ichineta uye ichigadzira network dzakakodzera dzekudzokorodza zvinhu, mitemo uye matekinoroji.
Hurumende yeChina inogona kutarisa mutemo weUnited States kuti uwane gwara, kukurudzira nekuita kuti vatengi vagadzirwe tsika dzakakodzera dzekudzokorodza zvinhu. Uye rubatsiro runofanira kupihwa kumakambani ari mumaindasitiri etekinoroji yekurapa nekushandisa zvinhu zvakare, kwete mukugadzira chete. Zvikasadaro, kushandiswa kwesimba uye kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nekurasa mabhatiri aya zvichapfuura chero rubatsiro rwatinowana kubva pakushandura kuenda kuEV.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-01-2023