I-China yeyona marike inkulu ye-EV kwihlabathi liphela ethengiswe ngaphezulu kwe-5.5 yezigidi ukusukela ngoMatshi 2021. Le yinto entle ngeendlela ezininzi. I-China ineemoto ezininzi kwihlabathi kwaye ezi zithatha indawo yeegesi eziyingozi ezigcina ubushushu. Kodwa ezi zinto zineengxaki zazo zokuzinza. Kukho iinkxalabo malunga nomonakalo odalwe kukukhutshwa kwezinto ezifana ne-lithium kunye ne-cobalt. Kodwa enye inkxalabo enxulumene nengxaki ezayo yenkunkuma. I-China iqala ukufumana umphetho ophambili wale ngxaki.
Ngowama-2020, iitoni ezingama-200,000 zeebhetri zayekiswa ukusebenza kwaye kulindeleke ukuba inani lifikelele kwiitoni ezingama-780,000 ngo-2025. Jonga ingxaki yenkunkuma yebhetri ye-EV ekhulayo eTshayina kunye nento eyenziwa yimarike ye-EV enkulu kwihlabathi ngayo.
Phantse yonke iTshayinaIimoto zombane zisebenza ngeebhetri ze-lithium ion. Zilula, zinamandla amaninzi kwaye zihlala ixesha elide, zenza zibe lolona khetho luphambili kwiimoto ezisebenza ngombane. Iibhetri zine-c ezintathu eziphambiliii-omponents kunye ne-anode, i-cathode kunye ne-electrolyte.se, i-cathode yeyona ibiza kakhulu kwaye ibalulekileyo. Sahlula kakhulu phakathi kwezi bhetri ngokusekwe kwiibhothi zazo zekati.Asinakungena nzulu kakhulu koku, kodwa uninzi lweebhetri ze-EV zaseTshayina zine-cathodes ezenziwe nge-lithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt oxides, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-MCS. Ezi bhetri ziyayeka ukusebenza xa amandla azo efikelela kwi-80% ehambelana nobomi bethu benkonzo obumalunga neminyaka esi-8 ukuya kweli-10. Oku, ewe, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezithile ezifana nokutshaja rhoqo, imikhwa yokuqhuba, kunye neemeko zendlela.
Ndicinga ukuba ungathanda ukwazi. Ngeliza lokuqala elikhulu lee-EVNjengoko zaziqala ukusebenza phakathi kowama-2010 nowama-2011, iziseko zokuqokelela nokucubungula ezi bhetri kwakuza kufuneka zilungele kungekudala ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi. Loo yayingumceli mngeni kunye nexesha ekwakufuneka urhulumente waseTshayina ajongane nalo. Emva kweMidlalo yeOlimpiki yaseBeijing, urhulumente waseTshayina waqala ukukhuthaza ukwenziwa nokusetyenziswa kwee-EV kuluntu ngokubanzi. Ngeli xesha imithetho kuphela abayibekeyo yayisebenza kwimigangatho yokhuseleko lweshishini. Ekubeni izinto ezininzi zebhetri ziyingozi kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kowama-2010 kwabonakala ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zombane kwaye ngaloo ndlela kwabakho isidingo esikhula ngokukhawuleza sendlela yokujongana nenkunkuma yazo.
Ngowama-2012, i-goi-vernmeI-NT ikhuphe isikhokelo somgaqo-nkqubo kwishishini le-EV liphela kulo okokuqala, esi sikhokelo sigxininise imfuneko yokuba, phakathi kwezinye izintoIzinto ze-r, inkqubo esebenzayo yokuphinda usebenzise iibhetri ze-EV. Ngo-2016, amacandelo aliqela adibene ukuze aseke umkhombandlela odibeneyo wengxaki yenkunkuma yebhetri ye-EV. Abavelisi be-EV baya kuba noxanduva lokubuyisela iibhetri zeemoto zabo. Kufuneka baseke uthungelwano lweenkonzo zokuthengisa emva kokuthengisa okanye bathembe umntu wesithathu ukuba aqokelele iibhetri ze-EV ezingafunekiyo.
Urhulumente waseTshayina unesimbo sokuqala sokuvakalisa umgaqo-nkqubo, isikhokelo okanye ulwalathiso ngaphambi kokuba abeke imithetho ethile kamva. Isibhengezo sika-2016 siqinisekisa ngokufanelekileyo iinkampani ze-EV ukuba zilindele okungakumbi koku kwiminyaka ezayo. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-2018, ulandelelwano lwesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo lwaphuma ngokukhawuleza, lunesihloko esithi amanyathelo okwethutyana olawulo lokusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nokusetyenziswa kweebhetri zamandla zezithuthi ezintsha zamandla. Uyazibuza ukuba ubiza intsingiselo ye-eaves kunye ne-hybrids. Umbutho olawulayo uya kuba yiSebe lezoShishino kunye neTekhnoloji yoLwazi okanye i-MIIT.
Ithembisile kwakhonaNgowama-2016, olu cwangciso lubeka uxanduva olukhulu kumaziko abucala afana nabenzi beebhetri ze-EV kunye nee-EV abajongene nale ngxaki. Urhulumente uza kuqhubaBona ezinye iinkalo zobugcisa zalo msebenzi, kodwa abayi kuzenza ngokwabo. Esi sikhokelo sakhiwe phezu komgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo owamkelwe ngamaTshayina. Obizwa ngokuba yi-Extended Producer Responsibility okanye i-EPR. Ingcamango yokomoya kukutshintsha uxanduva lusuke kurhulumente wengingqi nowephondo luye kubavelisi ngokwabo.
Urhulumente waseTshayina wamkela i-EPR, endikholelwa ukuba yavela kwizikolo zaseNtshona ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000. Njengempendulo kwimiyalelo ye-EU malunga nengxaki ekhulayo yenkunkuma ye-E, kwaye kuyavakala ukuba urhulumente uhlala ecoca yonke le nkunkuma ye-E. Iinkampani ezenza loo nkunkuma azisoze zikhuthazeke ukwenza izinto zazo zibe lula ukuzisebenzisa kwakhona. Ngoko ke ngomoya we-EPR bonke abenzi beebhetri ze-EV kufuneka bayile iibhetri ezilula ukuzidibanisa kwaye banike abathengi babo iinkcukacha zobugcisa, zokuphela kobomi - Ii-EV ziphawula i-basebenzise ii-EV markers ukuze baqalise kwaye basebenzise iinethiwekhi zabo zokuqokelela iibhetri kunye nokurisayikilisha okanye bazinike abanye abantu. Urhulumente uza kunceda ekusekeni imigangatho yesizwe ukuze kulungiswe inkqubo. Inkqubo ibonakala intle kakhulu, kodwa kukho iingxaki ezithile ezicacileyo.
Ngoku ekubeni sisazi imbali nomgaqo-nkqubo, singangena kwiinkcukacha ezimbalwa zobugcisa malunga nokurisayikilishwa kweebhetri ze-EV. Iibhetri ezingasebenziyo zingene kwinkqubo ngeendlela ezimbini ukusuka kwiimoto ezitshintshelwa ibhetri nakwizithuthi. Ekupheleni kobomi bazo. Kwezi zokugqibela, ibhetri isengaphakathi emotweni kwaye isuswa njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokuphelisa ubomi. Oku kuhlala kuyinkqubo eyenziwa ngesandla, ingakumbi eTshayina. Emva koko linyathelo elibizwa ngokuba lunyango lwangaphambi kwexesha. Iiseli zebhetri kufuneka zikhutshwe kwiphakheji zize zivulwe, nto leyo engumngeni kuba akukho yilo lwebhetri oluqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke kufuneka kwenziwe ngesandla kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.
Nje ukuba ibhetri isusiwed, kwenzeka ntoni neI-xt ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwebhetri ye-lithium-ion ngaphakathi emotweni. Masiqale ngebhetri ye-NMC, eyona ixhaphakileyo eTshayina. Iibhetri ezine ze-NMC eziphinda zisetyenziswe zifuna ukubuyiselwa. Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-cathode. Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho luka-2019 luqikelela ukuba nangona zenza i-4% kuphela yobunzima beebhetri, zenza ngaphezulu kwe-60% yexabiso lokusindisa iibhetri lilonke. Ubuchwepheshe bokuphinda zisetyenziswe be-NMC bukhulile. I-Sony yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1999. Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zobuchwepheshe, i-Pyro metallurgical kunye ne-hydro metallurgical. Masiqale nge-Pyro metallurgical. I-Pyro ithetha umlilo. Ibhetri inyibilikiswa ibe yi-alloy yesinyithi, ubhedu, i-cobalt, kunye ne-nickel.
Izinto ezilungileyo emva koko zifunyanwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ze-hydro metallurgical. Iindlela ze-Pyro ziyatsha. Ii-electrolytes, iiplastiki kunye neetyuwa ze-lithium. Ngoko ke ayizizo zonke izinto ezinokufunyanwa. Ikhupha iigesi ezinobuthi ekufuneka zicutshungulwe, kwaye inamandla amaninzi, kodwa yamkelwe kakhulu lishishini. Iindlela ze-hydro metallurgical zisebenzisa i-aqueous solvent ukwahlula izinto ezifunwayo yi-cobalt kwi-compound. Ezona solvents zisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-sulfuric acid kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide, kodwa zikho nezinye ezininzi. Akukho nanye kwezi ndlela ifanelekileyo kwaye kufuneka umsebenzi ongakumbi ukujongana neziphene zazo zobugcisa. Iibhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate zenza malunga ne-30% yemarike ye-EV yaseTshayina ukusukela ngo-2019. Ezi bhetri zixineneyo zamandla aziphezulu njengee-NMC ezifanayo, kodwa azinazo izinto ezifana ne-nickel kunye ne-cobalt. Kukwakho nekhuselekileyo.
I-China ikwakhokela kwihlabathi liphelaIngcali kwisayensi kunye norhwebo lwe-lithium iron phosphate, iteknoloji yebhetri, inkampani yaseTshayina, iteknoloji yanamhlanje ye-ampere. Ingomnye weenkokheli zokuvelisa kule ndawo. Kufanele kube nengqiqo ukuba ishishini lelizwe likwazi ukuphinda lisebenzise ezi seli. Oko kuthethiweyo, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ezi zinto kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kunokuba bekulindelwe. Oku kungenxa yokuba zinomxube wezinto ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo edinga umsebenzi owongezelelweyo wonyango lwangaphambi kokuba lusetyenziswe,emva koko i-lithium ngokwezoqoqoshoIibhetri ze-iron phosphate azinazo iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana neebhetri ze-NMC ezaziyo i-nickel, i-copper, okanye i-cobalt. Kwaye oku kukhokelele ekunqongophaleni kotyalo-mali kule niche. Kukho iimvavanyo ze-hydro metallurgical ezithembisayo ezikwazile ukukhupha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85% ye-lithium ngohlobo lwe-lithium carbonate.Kuqikelelwa ukuba iza kubiza malunga ne-$650ukucubungulaitoni yeebhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate ezisetyenzisiweyo. Oko kuquka iindleko zamandla kunye nezinto zokwakha, singabali iindleko zokwakhaifektri. Ukubuyiswa kunye nokuthengiswa kwakhona kwe-lithium okunokwenzeka kunokunceda ekwenzeni ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona kube lula ngokwezoqoqosho, kodwa ijaji lisathetha ngale nto. Ngaba ezi ndlela azikasetyenziswa kwinqanaba lorhwebo? Isakhelo sika-2018 sichaza okuninzi, kodwa sishiya izinto ezimbalwa ezifunekayo. Njengoko sonke sisazi ebomini, ayizizo zonke izinto ezifika ngokukhawuleza. Kukho imingxunya embalwa engekhoyo apha, ngoko masithethe kancinci ngeminye yemibuzo yomgaqo-nkqubo esesemoyeni. Injongo ephambili yezibalo ekukhululweni okanye amazinga okubuyiswa kwezinto eziluhlaza. 98% ye-nickel cobalt, i-manganese 85% ye-lithium ngokwayo kunye ne-97% yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Ngokwesiqhelo, konke oku kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo, ndithethe nje ngokubuyisela i-85% okanye ngaphezulu ye-lithium kwiibhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate. Ndikwakhankanyile nokuba kuya kuba nzima ukufezekisa olu phawu luphezulu ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nomahluko emhlabeni. Khumbula, zininzi iindlela iiseli zebhetri ezinokwenziwa ngazo. Zipakishwe, zithengiswe kwaye zisetyenziswe. Akukho ndawo ikufutshane nomgangatho esiwubonayo ngeebhetri zesilinda ezithengiswa kwi-711 yakho. Isakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo asifumani nkxaso-mali ebonakalayo kunye nenkxaso kazwelonke yokwenza oku kube yinyani. Enye into exhalabisayo kukuba isakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho asikwenzi.t yabela imali yokukhuthaza ukuqokelelwa kweebhetri ezisetyenzisiweyo. Kukho iinkqubo ezimbalwa zokuvavanya ukuthengwa kweebhetri eziqhutywa ngoomasipala, kodwa akukho nto kwinqanaba likazwelonke. Oku kunokutshintsha, mhlawumbi ngerhafu okanye irhafu, kodwa okwangoku abadlali becandelo labucala kufuneka bazixhase ngokwabo. Le yingxaki kuba akukho khuthazo lingako kwezoqoqosho kuba aba benzi bee-EV ezinkulu baqokelela baze baphinde basebenzise iibhetri zabo.
Ukususela ngo-2008 ukuya ku-2015, iindleko zokuvelisa kunye neebhetri ze-EV zehle ukusuka kwi-1000 USD nge-kilowatt ngeyure ukuya kwi-268. Loo mkhwa kulindeleke ukuba uqhubeke kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo. Ukuhla kweendleko kwenze ukuba kube lula ngakumbi kunangaphambili, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kuye kwehlisa inkuthazo yokuqokelela nokurisayikilisha ezi bhetri. Kwaye ekubeni ezi bhetri nazo zahlukile, kunzima ukwandisa iinkqubo zokuqokelela ngaphambi konyango kunye nokurisayikilisha, ngoko ke lonke eli phulo libonakala lichitha iindleko kubavelisi bazo. Ngoobani asebesebenza kwimida emincinci kakhulu ekuqaleni?
Nangona kunjalo, abenzi be-EV ngokomthetho ngabona baphambili ekuphatheni nasekusebenziseni kwakhona iibhetri zabo ezindala ezisetyenzisiweyo, kwaye nangona lonke eli shishini lingathandeki kwezoqoqosho, baye basebenza nzima ngokubambisana neenkampani ezinkulu ukuseta iindlela ezisemthethweni zokusebenzisa kwakhona ibhetri. Iinkampani ezimbalwa ezinkulu zokusebenzisa kwakhona ziye zavela. Imizekelo ibandakanya ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iTyson ukuya kwiZhejiang Huayou Cobalt. I-Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, iHunan Brunp kunye nenkokeli yemarike iGEM. Kodwa nangona kukho ezi nkampani zinkulu ezineelayisenisi, uninzi lwecandelo lokuphinda kusetyenziswe ibhetri laseTshayina lenziwe ziiworkshop ezincinci ezingenalayisenisi. Ezi venkile zingekho sesikweni azinazo izixhobo okanye uqeqesho olufanelekileyo. Ngokusisiseko ziya kuBahlala kwezi bhetri ukuze bafumane izixhobo zabo ze-cathode, bazithengise kwakhona kumthengi ophezulu baze balahle ezinye. Ngokucacileyo, oku kuyingozi enkulu yokhuseleko kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yokungalandeli imithetho nemigaqo, ezi venkile zokulahla inkunkuma zinokuhlawula abanini be-EV ngaphezulu ngeebhetri zabo, kwaye ngenxa yoko zikhethwa kuneendlela ezisemthethweni. Ke ngoko, izinga lokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-lithium-ion eTshayina lihlala liphantsi kakhulu ngo-2015. Belimalunga ne-2%. Ukususela ngoko likhule laya kwi-10% ngo-2019. Libetha intonga ebukhali emehlweni, kodwa oku kusekude kakhulu. Kwaye isakhelo sika-2018 asibeki njongo kumazinga okuqokelelwa kwebhetri. Ukushiywa okumangalisayo. ITshayina ibisoloko ijongene nale ngxaki kwelinye icala lebhetri, ibhetri ye-lead acid ehloniphekileyo, le teknoloji ineminyaka eli-150 ubudala.Isetyenziswa kakhulu eTshayina. Banika amandla abalaseleyo kwiimoto zabo kwaye basathandwa kakhulu kwiibhayisekile ze-E. Oku kwenzeka nangona kukho imithetho yakutshanje yokukhuthaza ukuba zitshintshwe nge-lithium ion. Nokuba kunjalo, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ibhetri ye-lead acid yaseTshayina akwanelanga kakhulu kulindelo kunye nemilinganiselo. Ngo-2017, ngaphantsi kwe-30% yeetoni ezi-3.3 zezigidi zeetoni zenkunkuma yebhetri ye-lead acid eveliswa eTshayina iyaphinda isetyenziswe. Izizathu zale pesenti iphantsi yokuphinda kusetyenziswe zifana kakhulu necala le-lithium ion. Iivenkile zokusika ezingekho sesikweni ziyayigatya imithetho nemigaqo kwaye ngoko ke zinokuhlawula imali eninzi kakhulu kwiibhetri zabathengi. AmaRoma ayicacisile into yokuba i-lead ayisiyonto inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo ekhoyo. ITshayina ifumene iziganeko ezininzi ezinkulu zokutyhefwa yi-lead kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yokuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga. Ke ngoko, urhulumente usandula ukuthembisa ukujongana nezi venkile zingekho sesikweni, apho kuqikelelwa ukuba zingaphezulu kwama-200 kulo lonke ilizwe. Injongo kukuzamela ukufikelela kwipesenti yokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-40% ngo-2020 kunye ne-70% ngo-2025. Xa ucinga ukuba ipesenti yokuphinda kusetyenziswe ibhetri ye-lead acid eMelika ibikwi-99% ukusukela ubuncinane ngo-2014, akufanele kube nzima kangako.
Ukuqwalasela ezobugcisa kunye ne-ecoNgenxa yeengxaki ezincinci ezinxulumene nokuphinda kusetyenziswe iibhetri ze-EV, eli shishini liye lacinga ngeendlela zokusebenzisa ezi zinto ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba lizithumele engcwabeni lazo. Eyona ndlela ingcono kukuzisebenzisa kwakhona kwiiprojekthi zegridi yamandla. Ezi bhetri zisenamandla angama-80% emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kwaye zisenokuhamba iminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuba ziphele ngonaphakade. I-United States ikhokela apha. Emva kokuzama iibhetri zeemoto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiiprojekthi zokugcina amandla asisigxina ukusukela ngo-2002. Kodwa i-China yenze iiprojekthi zokubonisa ezinomdla. Enye yezona zisebenza ixesha elide yiprojekthi yamandla omoya nelanga yaseZhangbei kwiphondo laseHebei. Le projekthi ye-$1.3 yeebhiliyoni ivela kumzamo odibeneyo weshishini likarhulumente waseTshayina i-State Grid kunye nomenzi weebhetri ze-EV i-BYD, ibonise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa iibhetri ze-Second Life EV ukuxhasa nokulawula igridi yamandla. Iiprojekthi ezininzi zokuphinda kusetyenziswe iibhetri ze-EV ziye zavela kwiminyaka yakutshanje eBeijing, eJiangsu kwaye ziyakhanya. Urhulumente ubeka ingqwalasela enkulu koku, kodwa ndicinga ukuba ekugqibeleni kuyayithintela ingxaki yokuphinda kusetyenziswe eyisombululayo. Kuba isiphelo esingenakuphepheka sebhetri nganye kukuphinda kusetyenziswe okanye kukulahla inkunkuma. Urhulumente waseTshayina wenze umsebenzi oncomekayo ekukhuthazeni ukudalwa kwale nkqubo yendalo echumayo. Eli lizwe likhokela kwiinkalo ezithile zobuchwepheshe bebhetri kwaye ngokwahlukeneyo, ii-V giants zisekwe apho. Zinethuba lokuguqula ngokwenene umjikelo wokukhutshwa kwegesi kwiimoto. Ngoko ke, ngandlela ithile, le ngxaki yokuphinda isetyenziswe yingxaki entle ukuba nayo. Luphawu lwempumelelo yaseTshayina. Kodwa ingxaki iseyingxaki kwaye ishishini belirhuqa iinyawo zalo kwaye liseka uthungelwano olufanelekileyo lokuphinda isetyenziswe, imigaqo kunye netekhnoloji.
Urhulumente waseTshayina unokujonga kwimigaqo-nkqubo yase-United States ukuze afumane isikhokelo esithile kunye nokukhuthaza kunye nokwenza kube lula ukuba abathengi basebenzise iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuhlaziya izinto. Kwaye izibonelelo kufuneka zinikwe amashishini akwishishini lobuchwepheshe bokulungisa izinto ngaphambi konyango kunye nokuhlaziya izinto, kungekuphela nje kwimveliso. Ngaphandle koko, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nomonakalo ongqongileyo onxulumene nokulahlwa kweebhetri kuya kuba ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na inzuzo esiyifumanayo ngokutshintshela kwi-EV.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-01-2023