Ko Haina te mākete EV nui rawa atu o te ao, neke atu i te 5.5 miriona kua hokona i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi 2021. He mea pai tēnei i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha. Kei Haina te nuinga o ngā motuka o te ao, ā, kei te whakakapi ēnei i ngā hau kati kōtuhi kino. Engari he āwangawanga anō ō ēnei mea mō te oranga tonutanga. Kei reira ngā āwangawanga mō te kino o te taiao e puta mai ana i te tangohanga o ngā huānga pēnei i te lithium me te cobalt. Engari ko tētahi atu āwangawanga e pā ana ki te raru o te para. Kei te tīmata a Haina ki te pāngia e te taha mua o tēnei raruraru.
I te tau 2020. E 200,000 tana pākahiko i whakakorea, ā, e matapaetia ana ka eke te tapeke ki te 780,000 tana i te tau 2025. Tirohia te raruraru para pākahiko EV e tū mai nei i Haina, me ngā mahi a te mākete EV nui rawa atu o te ao mō tēnei.
Tata ki ngā whenua katoa o HainaKo ngā pākahiko lithium-ion te pūtake o ngā waka hiko. He mama, he nui te kaha, ā, he roa te ora o te huringa, koinei te whiringa tuatahi mō ngā waka hiko. E toru ngā pūhiko matua.ngā wāhanga me te anode, he cathode me te electrolyte. O teHeoi, ko te katote te mea tino utu nui, ā, ko te mea nui rawa atu. Ka wehewehea e mātou ēnei pākahiko i runga i ō rātou poti ngeru.Kāore e tika kia ruku hohonu rawa ki tēnei, engari ko te nuinga o ngā pākahiko EV o Haina he cathode i hangaia mai i te lithium, te nickel, te manganese, te cobalt oxides, e kiia nei ko te MCS. Ka whakamutua ēnei pākahiko ina tae te kaha ki te 80% e rite ana ki te roa o te wā mahi o te 8 ki te 10 tau. Ko te tikanga, ka whakawhirinaki tēnei ki ētahi āhuatanga pēnei i te auau utu, ngā tikanga taraiwa, me ngā āhuatanga o te rori.
I whakaaro ahau me mōhio koe. Me te ngaru nui tuatahi o ngā EVI te tīmatanga o te tau 2010 ki te 2011, me tere te rite o ngā hanganga mō te kohikohi me te tukatuka i ēnei pākahiko i te mutunga o te tekau tau. Koinei te wero me te wātaka i arohia e te kāwanatanga o Haina. Whai muri i ngā Olympics o Beijing, ka tīmata te Kāwanatanga o Haina ki te whakatairanga i te hanga me te whakamahi i ngā EV ki te marea. I tēnei wā, ko ngā ture anake i tukuna e rātou ko ngā paerewa haumaru o te umanga. Nā te mea he tino paitini te nuinga o ngā wāhanga pākahiko. I te tīmatanga o te tau 2010, i kitea te pikinga ake o te whakamahinga o te waka hiko, ā, i pērā anō te tere o te tipu o te hiahia mō tētahi huarahi hei whakahaere i ā rātou para.
I te tau 2012, ka haerevernmei tukuna e nt he aratohu kaupapa here mō te umanga EV whānui mō te wā tuatahi, i whakanuia e te aratohu te hiahia mō, me ētahi atungā mea r, he pūnaha hangarua pākahiko EV e mahi ana. I te tau 2016, i hono tahi ētahi manatū ki te whakatū i tētahi aronga kotahi mō te raruraru para o te pākahiko EV. Ko ngā kaihanga EV te kawenga mō te whakaora i ngā pākahiko o ā rātou waka. Me whakatū e rātou ā rātou ake whatunga ratonga muri-hoko, me whakawhirinaki rānei ki te rōpū tuatoru ki te kohikohi i ngā pākahiko EV para.
Ko te tikanga o te kāwanatanga o Haina ko te whakapuaki tuatahi i tētahi kaupapa here, aratohu, aronga rānei i mua i te whakatakoto i ngā ture motuhake i muri mai. Ko te whakapuakitanga o te tau 2016 he tohu ki ngā kamupene EV kia tumanako atu ki ētahi atu mahi mō tēnei i ngā tau e haere ake nei. Nō reira, i te tau 2018, i puta tere mai te anga kaupapa here whai muri, ko ngā mahi wā poto mō te whakahaere i te hangarua me te Whakamahinga o ngā pākahiko hiko o ngā waka hiko hou. E whakaaro ana koe mēnā ka kiia e koe he tikanga he arai me he ranu. Ko te tinana whakamana ko te Manatū Ahumahi me te Hangarau Mōhiohio, MIIT rānei.
Kua oati mai anōi te tau 2016, ko te nuinga o te kawenga a te anga ko ngā hinonga tūmataiti pēnei i ngā kaihanga EV me ngā pākahiko EV e aro ana ki tēnei raruraru. Ka neke atu te kāwanatangaTirohia ētahi āhuatanga hangarau o te kaupapa nei, engari kāore rātou e mahi i a rātou anō. Kua hangaia tēnei anga i runga i tētahi kaupapa here whakahaere whānui i whakaaetia e te iwi Hainamana. E kiia ana ko te Kawenga Kaihanga Whānui, ko te EPR rānei. Ko te ariā wairua ko te neke i te kawenga mai i ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe me ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe ki ngā kaihanga tonu.
I tangohia e te kāwanatanga Haina te EPR, i ahu mai i te ao matauranga o te Hauāuru i ngā tau tōmua o te rautau 2000. Hei whakautu ki ngā tohutohu a te EU mō te raru o te para hiko e tipu haere ana, ā, he mea tika mēnā ko te kāwanatanga tonu te tangata e horoi ana i ēnei para hiko katoa. Kāore rawa ngā kamupene e hanga ana i aua para e whakatenatenahia kia ngāwari ake te hangarua i ā rātou taonga. Nō reira, i roto i te wairua o te EPR, me hoahoa e ngā kaihanga pākahiko EV katoa ngā pākahiko he ngāwari ki te huna me te whakarato i ngā taipitopito hangarau, mutunga-o-te-ora ki ā rātou kiritaki – Ko ngā tohu EV meme ngā tohu EV hei whakatū me te whakahaere i ā rātou ake whatunga kohikohi me te hangarua pākahiko, hei tuku atu rānei ki tētahi atu rōpū. Ka āwhina te kāwanatanga ki te whakatū i ngā paerewa ā-motu hei whakahaere i te tukanga. He pai te āhua o te anga i te tirohanga tuatahi, engari he mārama tonu ētahi ngoikoretanga.
Nā te mea kua mōhio tātou ki te hītori me te kaupapa here, ka taea e tātou te ruku ki ētahi taipitopito hangarau mō te hangarua pākahiko EV. I uru ngā pākahiko kua whakakorea ki te pūnaha mā roto i ngā hongere e rua mai i ngā motuka e whakakapia ana te pākahiko me ngā motuka. I te mutunga o tō rātou oranga. Mō te mea whakamutunga, kei roto tonu te pākahiko i te motuka, ā, ka tangohia hei wāhanga o te tukanga wetewete mutunga o te oranga. He tukanga ā-ringa tonu tēnei, inā koa i Haina. Whai muri i tēnā ka puta he taahiraa e kiia nei ko te maimoatanga mua. Me tango ngā pūtau pākahiko i waho o te putea ka whakatuwheratia, he wero tēnei nā te mea kāore he hoahoa putea pākahiko paerewa. Nō reira, me mahi ā-ringa mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu motuhake.
Kia tangohia te pākahikod, he aha te mea ka tupuKo te xt e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo pākahiko lithium-ion i roto i te motuka. Me tīmata tātou me te pākahiko NMC, te mea tino noa i Haina. E whā ngā kaihanga hangarua pākahiko NMC e hiahia ana ki te whakaora. Ko ngā rauemi hohe katote. E ai ki te tātari ōhanga o te tau 2019, ahakoa e 4% noa iho o te taumaha o ngā pākahiko, e 60% neke atu i te uara whakaora katoa o ngā pākahiko. He tino pakari ngā hangarau hangarua NMC. I tīmata a Sony i te tau 1999. E rua ngā tikanga hangarau nui, ko te Pyro metallurgical me te hydro metallurgical. Me tīmata tātou me te Pyro metallurgical. Ko te tikanga o te Pyro he ahi. Ka rewa te pākahiko ki roto i te koranu o te rino, te parahi, te cobalt, me te nickel.
Kātahi ka kohia ngā mea pai mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga wai-whakarewa. Ka tahuna ngā tikanga pyro. Ngā irahiko, ngā kirihou me ngā tote lithium. Nō reira, kāore e taea te whakahoki mai i ngā mea katoa. Ka tukuna e ia ngā hau paitini e hiahia ana kia tukatukahia, ā, he nui te kaha e whakamahia ana, engari kua whānuitia te whakamahi e te umanga. Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga wai-whakarewa he whakarewa wai hei wehe i ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana mā te cobalt mai i te matū. Ko ngā whakarewa e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te waikawa whanariki me te hauwai peroxide, engari he maha atu anō hoki. Kāore tētahi o ēnei tikanga i te pai, ā, me mahi tonu hei whakatika i ō rātou ngoikoretanga hangarau. Tata ki te 30% o te mākete EV Haina ngā pākahiko lithium rino phosphate i te tau 2019. Kāore te kaha o ēnei pākahiko i te teitei rite ki ō rātou hoa NMC, engari kāore he huānga pērā i te nickel me te cobalt. Tērā pea he haumaru ake.
Ko Haina anō hoki te kaiārahi o te aoi roto i te pūtaiao me te hokohoko o te lithium rino phosphate, ngā hangarau pākahiko, te kamupene Haina, te hangarau ampere o nāianei. Ko tētahi o ngā kaiārahi hangahanga i tēnei wāhanga. Me tika kia taea e te umanga o te whenua te hangarua i ēnei pūtau. Ahakoa te kīnga, kua uaua ake te hangarua i ēnei mea i te mea i whakaarohia. Ko tētahi wāhanga o tēnei nā te mea he maha atu ngā momo rauemi kei a rātou, e hiahia ana kia nui ake te utu mō te mahi maimoatanga i mua, hekātahi ka iti ake te utu o te lithiumKāore ngā pākahiko rino phosphate i te rite ki ngā konganuku utu nui o ngā pākahiko NMC e mōhiotia ana ko te nikara, te parahi, te cobalt rānei. Ā, kua kore e nui te haumi ki tēnei wāhi. Tērā ētahi whakamātautau whakarewa wai whai hua kua taea te tango i te 85% o te lithium i roto i te āhua o te lithium carbonate.E ai ki te whakapae, e $650 pea te utuki te tukatukahe tana o ngā pākahiko rino phosphate lithium kua pau. Kei roto i tēnā ko te utu pūngao me ngā rauemi, kāore i te tatauhia te utu o te hanga i tewheketere. Mā te whakaora me te hoko anō i te lithium ka taea te āwhina i te hangarua kia māmā ake te mahi ā-ōhanga, engari kāore anō kia whakatauhia tēnei. Kāore anō kia whakatinanahia ēnei tikanga i te tauine arumoni? He maha ngā mea e whakatakotoria ana e te anga o te tau 2018, engari he iti noa ngā mea e toe ana. E mōhio ana tātou katoa i te ao, kāore ngā mea katoa e tere haere ana. He iti noa ngā āputa i konei, nō reira me kōrero tātou mō ētahi o ngā pātai kaupapa here kei te rangi tonu. Ko te whāinga tatauranga matua i te tukunga, i ngā reiti whakaora rauemi mata rānei. 98% o te nikara konupora, te konupora 85% mō te lithium tonu me te 97% mō ngā rauemi whenua onge. I roto i te ariā, ka taea katoa tēnei. Hei tauira, i kōrero noa ahau mō te whakaora i te 85% neke atu rānei o te lithium mai i ngā pākahiko lithium rino phosphate. I kōrero anō ahau he uaua ki te whakatutuki i tēnei taumata ariā nā te koretake o te ao tūturu me ngā rerekētanga i runga i te whenua. Kia mahara, he maha ngā huarahi ka taea te hanga i ngā pūtau pākahiko. Ka tākaihia, ka hokona, ka whakamahia. Kāore he wāhi e tata ana ki te paerewa e kitea ana e tātou me ngā pākahiko porotaka e hokona ana i roto i tō 711. Kāore i te kitea ngā tautoko tūturu me te tautoko ā-motu i roto i te anga kaupapa here hei whakatutuki i tēnei mea. Ko tētahi atu āwangawanga nui ko te korenga o te anga kaupapa here ōhanga e mahi.kaua e tohaina he moni hei whakatenatena i te kohikohinga o ngā pākahiko kua whakamahia. He iti noa ngā kaupapa whakamātautau hoko-hoki e whakahaerehia ana e ngā kaunihera, engari kāore he mea i te taumata ā-motu. Tērā pea ka rerekē tēnei, mā te takoha, te taake rānei, engari i tēnei wā, me utu e ngā kaitākaro tūmataiti. He take tēnei nā te mea he iti noa te whakatenatena ōhanga mō ēnei kaihanga EV nui ki te kohikohi me te hangarua i ā rātou pākahiko.
Mai i te tau 2008 ki te tau 2015, i heke te utu hanga me te pākahiko hiko mai i te 1000 USD ia kilowatt-haora ki te 268. E matapaetia ana ka haere tonu taua ia i roto i ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei. Nā te hekenga o ngā utu i ngāwari ake ai te kohikohi me te hangarua i ēnei pākahiko, engari i te wa ano kua whakaitihia e rātou te hihiri ki te kohikohi me te hangarua i ēnei pākahiko. Ā, nā te mea he rerekē hoki ēnei pākahiko tetahi i tetahi, he uaua ki te whakanui ake i ngā tukanga kohikohinga me te hangarua, nō reira ka huri te kaupapa katoa hei whakapaunga utu mō ā rātou kaihanga. Ko wai kua mahi i runga i ngā moni whiwhi iti i te tīmatanga?
Ahakoa rā, ko ngā kaihanga waka hiko te tuatahi ki te whakahaere me te hangarua i ā rātou pākahiko tawhito kua pau, ā, ahakoa te koretake o te taha ōhanga o te kaupapa katoa, kua kaha rātou ki te mahi tahi me ngā kamupene nui ki te whakatū i ngā hongere mana hei hangarua i tētahi pākahiko. Kua puta ake ētahi kamupene hangarua nui. Hei tauira, ko Tyson te hangarua ki Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, Hunan Brunp me te kaiārahi mākete GEM. Ahakoa te noho o ēnei kamupene nui kua raihanahia, ko te nuinga o te rāngai hangarua Hainamana he awheawhe iti, kāore i raihanahia. Kāore i ēnei toa kore mana ngā taputapu tika, ngā whakangungu tika rānei. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka haere rātou ki teka whakamahia ēnei pākahiko mō ā rātou rauemi cathode, ka hokona anō ki te kaitono tino nui, ā, ka maka atu te toenga. He mārama, he mōrearea nui tēnei mō te haumaru me te taiao. Nā te takahi i ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga, ka taea e ēnei toa tapahi te utu nui ake ki ngā kaipupuri EV mō ā rātou pākahiko, ā, nō reira, he pai ake rātou i ngā hongere mana, kīia, kīia rānei. Nō reira, he iti tonu te tere hangarua lithium-ion i Haina i te tau 2015. Tata ki te 2%. Kua piki ake ki te 10% i te tau 2019. Ka pāngia te kanohi e te rākau koi, engari he tawhiti tonu tēnei i te pai. Ā, kāore te anga o te tau 2018 e whakatakoto ana i tētahi whāinga mō ngā tere kohi pākahiko. He mea whakamīharo te wareware. Kua raru a Haina ki tēnei raruraru i tētahi atu taha pākahiko, te pākahiko waikawa mata rongonui, tēnei hangarau 150 tau te pakeke.He mea tino whakamahia i Haina. Ko rātou te mea tino rongonui mō ā rātou waka, ā, kei te rongonui tonu mō ngā pahikara hiko. Ahakoa ngā ture hou hei whakatenatena i te whakakapinga ki te lithium ion. Ahakoa rā, ko te hangarua Hainamana o te pākahiko waikawa mata he iti rawa i raro i ngā tumanakohanga me ngā paearu. I te tau 2017, iti iho i te 30% o te 3.3 miriona tana o ngā para pākahiko waikawa mata i hangaia i Haina ka hangarua. Ko ngā take mō tēnei ōrau hangarua iti he tino rite ki te keehi lithium ion. Ko ngā toa tapahi kore mana e takahi ana i ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga, ā, ka taea e rātou te utu nui ake mō ngā pākahiko a ngā kaihoko. Kua whakamāramahia e ngā Rōmana ehara te mata i te matū tino pai mō te taiao. He maha ngā aituā nui o te paihana mata kua pā ki Haina i ngā tau tata nei nā tēnei whakahaere hē. Nō reira, kua oati te kāwanatanga ki te aukati i ēnei toa kore mana, e kiia ana he neke atu i te 200 puta noa i te motu. Ko te whāinga kia eke ki te 40% te ōrau hangarua i te tau 2020 me te 70% i te tau 2025. I te mea kua eke te ōrau hangarua pākahiko waikawa mata ki te 99% i Amerika mai i te tau 2014, kāore pea i te tino uaua.
Ma te whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga hangarau me te taiaoI roto i ngā uauatanga o te ao e pā ana ki te hangarua i ngā pākahiko EV, kua whakaarohia e te umanga ngā huarahi hei whakamahi ake i ēnei mea i mua i te tukunga atu ki te urupā. Ko te kōwhiringa tino kaha ko te whakamahi anō i a rātou i roto i ngā kaupapa whatunga hiko. Kei te 80% tonu te kaha o ēnei pākahiko, ā, ka taea tonu te haere mō ngā tau maha i mua i te mutunga ka memeha haere. Ko te United States te kaiārahi i konei. Whai muri i te whakamātautau i ngā pākahiko motuka kua whakamahia mō ngā kaupapa rokiroki hiko tūmau mai i te tau 2002. Engari kua mahia e Haina ētahi kaupapa whakaaturanga whakamere. Ko tētahi o ngā mea roa rawa atu ko te kaupapa hau me te pūngao rā o Zhangbei i te kawanatanga o Hebei. Ko te kaupapa $1.3 piriona i ahu mai i te mahi tahi a te hinonga kāwanatanga o Haina a State Grid me te kaihanga pākahiko EV BYD, i whakaatu i te whai huatanga o te whakamahi i ngā pākahiko EV Second Life hei tautoko me te whakahaere i te whatunga hiko. He maha atu ngā kaupapa hangarua pākahiko EV kua puta ake i ngā tau tata nei i Beijing, Jiangsu ki te para, ā, kei te tiaho tonu. Kei te aro nui te kāwanatanga ki tēnei, engari ki taku whakaaro i te mutunga ka ārai ake i te raruraru hangarua e whakaoti ana. Nā te mea ko te mutunga kore e taea te karo i ia pākahiko ko te hangarua, ko te ururua rānei. He mahi whakamiharo tā te kāwanatanga o Haina i roto i te whakatenatena i te hanganga o tēnei pūnaha oraora. Ko te whenua te kaiārahi tino rongonui i roto i ētahi āhuatanga o te hangarau pākahiko, ā, kei reira ētahi kamupene nui o V. He whai wāhi rātou ki te whakapiko i te pihi o ngā tukunga para o ngā motuka. Nō reira, he raruraru pai tēnei take hangarua. He tohu tēnei mō te angitu o Haina. Engari he raruraru tonu tēnei raruraru, ā, kei te whakaroa te umanga ki te whakatū i ngā whatunga hangarua tika, ngā ture me ngā hangarau.
Ka taea e te Kāwanatanga Haina te titiro ki ngā kaupapa here o te Hononga o Amerika hei ārahi, hei whakatenatena, hei whakamana hoki i ngā tikanga hangarua tika a ngā kaihoko. Ā, me tohatoha ngā tahua tautoko ki ngā umanga i roto i ngā ahumahi hangarau i mua i te maimoatanga me te hangarua, kaua ko te hanga anake. Ki te kore, ka nui ake te whakamahinga pūngao me te kino ki te taiao e pā ana ki ēnei whakakorenga pākahiko i ngā painga ka riro mai i a tātou mai i te huri ki te EV.
Wā tuku: Akuhata-01-2023