Ubushinwa ni bwo bunini ku isi ku isoko ry’imodoka za EV aho zagurishijwe zisaga miliyoni 5.5 kugeza muri Werurwe 2021. Iki ni ikintu cyiza mu buryo bwinshi. Ubushinwa bufite imodoka nyinshi ku isi kandi izi zisimbura imyuka mibi ihumanya ikirere. Ariko ibi bintu bifite impungenge zabyo ku busugire bw’ibidukikije. Hari impungenge ku kwangirika kw’ibidukikije guterwa no gucukura ibintu nka lithium na cobalt. Ariko ikindi kibazo ni ikibazo cy’imyanda kiri imbere. Ubushinwa butangiye guhura n’ingaruka zikomeye z’iki kibazo.
Mu 2020, toni 200.000 za bateri zarahagaritswe kandi biteganijwe ko umubare uzagera kuri toni 780.000 bitarenze 2025. Reba ikibazo cy’imyanda ya bateri za EV mu Bushinwa n’icyo isoko rikomeye rya EV rikora kuri cyo.
Hafi ya byose by'UbushinwaIbinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi bikoresha bateri za lithium ion. Biroroshye, bifite ingufu nyinshi kandi bimara igihe kirekire, bituma biba amahitamo ya mbere ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Bateri zifite ibice bitatu by'ingenziibice na anode, cathode na electrolyte. Byase, cathode ni yo ihenze cyane kandi ifite agaciro. Dutandukanya cyane izi bateri dushingiye ku bwato bwazo.Ntabwo tugomba kwinjira cyane muri ibi, ariko bateri nyinshi zo mu Bushinwa zikoresha amashanyarazi zifite cathode zikozwe muri lithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt oxides, izitwa MCS. Izi bateri zihagarara iyo ubushobozi bwazo bugeze kuri 80% ugereranyije n'igihe cy'ubuzima bwacu bw'imyaka 8 kugeza ku 10. Birumvikana ko ibi biterwa n'ibintu bimwe na bimwe nko gushyushya inshuro, uburyo bwo gutwara imodoka, n'imiterere y'umuhanda.
Nibwiraga ko wifuza kumenya. Hamwe n'umuvuduko wa mbere ukomeye w'imodoka zitwara abagenziKuva mu 2010 kugeza 2011, ibikorwa remezo byo gukusanya no gutunganya izi bateri byagombaga kuba byarangiye vuba mu mpera z'iki kinyejana. Icyo cyari ikibazo n'igihe guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yagombaga guhangana nacyo. Nyuma y'imikino Olempike ya Beijing, Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yatangiye guteza imbere ikorwa n'ikoreshwa rya za EV ku baturage muri rusange. Muri iki gihe amabwiriza yonyine bashyizeho ni amahame agenga umutekano mu nganda. Kubera ko ibice byinshi bya bateri ari uburozi bwinshi. Mu ntangiriro za 2010 habayeho kwiyongera kw'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, bityo hakabaho kwiyongera kwihuta gukenewe uburyo bwo guhangana n'imyanda yazo.
Mu 2012, gahunda yoVernment yasohoye amabwiriza ya politiki ku nganda zose za EV muri yo ku nshuro ya mbere, ayo mabwiriza yashimangiye ko ari ngombwa, mu bindir things, sisitemu ikora yo kongera gukoresha bateri za EV. Mu 2016, za minisiteri nyinshi zahuriye hamwe kugira ngo zishyireho icyerekezo kimwe cy’ikibazo cy’imyanda ya bateri za EV. Inganda zikora EV zizaba zifite inshingano zo kugarura bateri z’imodoka zazo. Zigomba gushyiraho imiyoboro yazo bwite ya serivisi zo kugurisha cyangwa zikizera undi muntu uzakusanya bateri za EV.
Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa ifite akamenyero ko kubanza gutangaza politiki, ubuyobozi cyangwa icyerekezo mbere yo gushyiraho andi mategeko asobanutse neza nyuma. Itangazo ryo mu 2016 ritanga ikimenyetso ku bigo bitwara amashanyarazi cyo kwitega byinshi kuri ibi mu myaka iri imbere. Bityo, mu 2018, ikurikiranwa ry'urwego rwa politiki ryasohotse vuba, ryitwa ingamba z'agateganyo zo gucunga kongera gukoresha no gukoresha bateri z'amashanyarazi z'imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu. Wibaza niba ubyita ibisasu ndetse n'ibisasu bivanze. Urwego rushinzwe kubahiriza amategeko rwaba Minisiteri y'Inganda n'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itangazamakuru cyangwa MIIT.
ByarasezeranyeMuri 2016, uru rwego rushyira inshingano ku bigo byigenga nka EV na EV batteries bikemura iki kibazo. Guverinoma izakora ibishoboka byose kugira ngoReba bimwe mu bice bya tekiniki by'uyu mugambi, ariko ntabwo bazabikora ubwabo. Uru rwego rwubatswe hejuru ya politiki rusange y'imiyoborere Abashinwa bemeye. Byitwa Inshingano z'umuhinzi wagutse cyangwa EPR. Igitekerezo cy'umwuka ni ukwimura inshingano uhereye ku nzego z'ibanze n'iz'intara ukajya ku bahinzi ubwabo.
Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yashyizeho EPR, nizera ko yaturutse mu mashuri makuru yo mu Burengerazuba bw'Isi mu ntangiriro za 2000. Mu rwego rwo gusubiza amabwiriza y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi yerekeye ikibazo cy'imyanda ya E ikomeje kwiyongera, kandi birumvikana niba guverinoma ari yo ihora isukura iyi myanda yose ya E. Amasosiyete avuga ko iyo myanda itazigera ishishikarizwa koroshya ibintu byayo kongera gukoreshwa. Bityo, mu rwego rwa EPR, abakora bateri za EV bagomba gushushanya bateri zoroshye kuzivanga no gutanga amakuru arambuye ku buryo bwa tekiniki, iherezo ry'ubuzima ku bakiriya babo - EV igaragazaGushyiraho ibimenyetso bya EV kugira ngo bashyireho kandi bakoreshe imiyoboro yabo bwite yo gukusanya no kongera gukoresha bateri cyangwa babigurishe ku wundi muntu. Guverinoma izafasha gushyiraho amahame ngenderwaho y'igihugu kugira ngo yorohereze inzira. Urwego rusa nkaho ari rwiza cyane, ariko hari ingorane zimwe na zimwe zigaragara.
Noneho ko tumaze kumenya amateka na politiki, ubu dushobora kwigira ku bisobanuro bike bya tekiniki ku bijyanye no kongera gukoresha bateri za EV. Bateri zakuweho zinjira muri sisitemu binyuze mu nzira ebyiri zivuye ku modoka zisimbuzwa bateri no ku modoka. Mu mpera z'ubuzima bwazo. Kuri izi za nyuma, bateri iba ikiri mu modoka kandi ikurwamo nk'igice cy'inzira yo gusenya ubuzima. Iyi ikomeje kuba inzira ikoreshwa n'intoki cyane cyane mu Bushinwa. Nyuma y'ibyo ni intambwe yitwa mbere yo kuvura. Uturemangingo twa bateri tugomba gukurwa mu ipaki tugafungurwa, bikaba ari ikibazo kuko nta gishushanyo mbonera gisanzwe cya bateri. Bityo bigomba gukorwa n'intoki hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byabugenewe.
Iyo bateri imaze gukurwahod, ikibaye next biterwa n'ubwoko bwa bateri ya lithium-ion iri mu modoka. Reka dutangire na bateri ya NMC, ikunze kugaragara cyane mu Bushinwa. Bateri enye za NMC zisubiramo zirashaka kugarura. Ibikoresho bikora cathode. Isesengura ry'ubukungu rya 2019 rivuga ko nubwo zigize 4% gusa by'uburemere bwa bateri, zigize hejuru ya 60% by'agaciro k'ingufu zose zo kurokora. Ikoranabuhanga rya NMC ryo kongera gukoresha rimaze igihe kinini. Sony yatangiye mu 1999. Hari uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bw'ikoranabuhanga, Pyro metallurgical na hydro metallurgical. Reka dutangire na Pyro metallurgical. Pyro bivuze umuriro. Bateri ishongeshwa ikaba icyuma, umuringa, cobalt, na nikeli.
Ibintu byiza bisubizwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa hydro metallurgical. Uburyo bwa pyro burashya. Electrolytes, pulasitiki n'umunyu wa lithium. Rero si byose bishobora kugaruzwa. Bisohora imyuka y'uburozi igomba gutunganywa, kandi ikoresha ingufu nyinshi, ariko byakunze gukoreshwa n'inganda. Uburyo bwa hydro metallurgical bukoresha solvent y'amazi kugira ngo bitandukanye ibikoresho byifuzwa na cobalt n'ibivanze. solvents zikoreshwa cyane ni aside sulfurike na peroxide ya hydrogen, ariko hari n'izindi nyinshi. Nta na imwe muri izi nzira nziza kandi hakenewe akazi gakomeye kugira ngo hakemurwe ibibazo byazo bya tekiniki. Bateri za phosphate y'icyuma ya Lithium zigize hafi 30% by'isoko rya EV ryo mu Bushinwa kuva mu 2019. Ubucucike bw'ingufu za bateri ntabwo buri hejuru nk'ubwa NMC, ariko nta bintu nka nikeli na cobalt bifite. Hari kandi n'ubundi buryo butekanye.
Ubushinwa nabwo ni ubwa mbere ku isier mu bumenyi n'ubucuruzi bwa fosifate y'icyuma ya lithium, ikoranabuhanga rya bateri, isosiyete y'Abashinwa, ikoranabuhanga rya ampere rigezweho. Ni umwe mu bakinnyi bakomeye muri uru rwego. Byagombye kuba byumvikana ko inganda zo mu gihugu zishobora kongera gukoresha izi selile. Ibyo bivuzwe, kongera gukoresha izi selile byagaragaye ko bigoye cyane mu rwego rwa tekiniki kuruta uko byari byitezwe. Ibi biterwa nuko zifite uruvange rw'ibikoresho bitandukanye, bigasaba akazi kenshi ko kuvura mbere y'uko zivurwa,hanyuma ubukungu bwa lithiamuBateri za fosfeti z'icyuma ntabwo zifite ibyuma by'agaciro nk'uko bateri za NMC zizi nikeli, umuringa, cyangwa kobalti. Kandi byatumye habaho ibura ry'ishoramari muri icyo kigo. Hari igerageza ry'amazi ry'amashanyarazi ryashoboye gukuramo 85% bya lithiyumu mu buryo bwa lithiyumu karubone.Hari igitekerezo cy'uko byatwara hafi $650gutunganyatoni imwe y'amabatiri ya fosifate ya lithium ikoreshwa. Ibyo birimo ingufu n'ibikoresho, hatibariwemo ikiguzi cyo kubakauruganda. Gushobora kugarura no kongera kugurisha lithium bishobora gufasha mu gutuma kongera gukoresha lithium byoroha mu buryo bw'ubukungu, ariko akanama nkemurampaka karacyari kubivugaho. Ese ubu buryo burashyirwa mu bikorwa mu rwego rw'ubucuruzi? Gahunda ya 2018 iteganya byinshi, ariko irasiga ibintu bike byifuzwa. Nkuko twese tubizi mu buzima, si ibintu byose bihinduka mu buryo buboneye. Hari imyobo mike ibura hano, reka tuvuge gato kuri bimwe mu bibazo bya politiki bikiri mu kirere. Intego y'ibanze y'ibarurishamibare mu kurekura cyangwa igipimo cyo kugarura ibikoresho fatizo. 98% bya nickel cobalt, manganese 85% kuri lithium ubwayo na 97% ku bikoresho by'ubutaka budakunze kuboneka. Mu by'ukuri, ibi byose birashoboka. Urugero, navuze ku kugarura 85% cyangwa birenga bya lithium muri bateri za phosphate ya lithium. Navuze kandi ko bizagorana kugera kuri iyi fatizo ntarengwa bitewe n'imikorere mibi n'itandukaniro ririho. Wibuke ko hari uburyo bwinshi uturemangingo twa bateri dushobora gukorwamo. Dupakiye, tugurisha kandi tugakoresha. Nta hantu na hamwe tubona uburyo bwo gushyiraho bateri zimeze nk'uruziga zigurishwa muri 711 yawe. Gahunda ya politiki ibura inkunga ifatika n'inkunga y'igihugu kugira ngo ibi bibe mu buzima busanzwe. Indi mpungenge ikomeye ni uko gahunda ya politiki y'ubukungu idakora.t shyira amafaranga yo gushishikariza abantu gukusanya bateri zakoreshejwe. Hari gahunda nke z'igerageza zo kugura bateri zikoreshwa n'inzego z'ibanze, ariko nta kintu na kimwe ku rwego rw'igihugu. Ibi bishobora guhinduka, wenda hamwe n'umusoro cyangwa imisoro, ariko ubu abikorera ku giti cyabo bagomba kubitera inkunga ubwabo. Iki ni ikibazo kuko nta gitera inkunga y'ubukungu kuri izi nganda nini zikora amashanyarazi yo gukusanya no kongera gukoresha bateri zazo.
Kuva mu 2008 kugeza mu 2015, ikiguzi cyo gukora no gukoresha bateri za EV cyagabanutse kuva kuri 1000 USD kuri kilowati saa kigera kuri 268. Biteganijwe ko iyo ngendo izakomeza mu myaka mike iri imbere. Igabanuka ry'ibiciro ryatumye birushaho kuboneka kurusha mbere hose, ariko nanone byagabanyije imbaraga zo gukusanya no kongera gukoresha izi bateri. Kandi kubera ko izi bateri nazo zitandukanye, biragoye kongera uburyo bwo kuzikusanya mbere yo kuzitunganya no kuzikoresha, bityo umushinga wose ugaragara nk'aho ubuza amafaranga abakora. Ni bande basanzwe bakora ku biciro bito cyane kuva ku ntangiriro?
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, abakora ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi nk’uko amategeko abiteganya nibo ba mbere mu gucunga no kongera gukoresha bateri zabo zakoreshejwe, kandi nubwo ubucuruzi bwose butari bwiza, bakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo bafatanye n’ibigo binini gushyiraho inzira zemewe zo kongera gukoresha bateri. Hari ibigo bike binini byo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byakoreshejwe. Urugero, harimo Tyson yo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho muri Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt. Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, Hunan Brunp n’umuyobozi w’isoko GEM. Ariko nubwo hariho ibyo bigo binini byemewe, igice kinini cy’urwego rw’Abashinwa rwo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byakoreshejwe kigizwe n’ibigo bito bidafite ibyangombwa. Ayo maduka y’inyubako nta bikoresho cyangwa amahugurwa akwiye afite. Muri make bajya muriBateri zikoreshwa kuri izi bateri kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu bikoresho bya cathode, zikongera kuzigurisha ku muntu uzigura cyane hanyuma zigatakaza izindi. Birumvikana ko ibi ari ikibazo gikomeye ku mutekano no ku bidukikije. Kubera uku kutubahiriza amategeko n'amabwiriza, izi campers zishobora kwishyura ba nyiri amashanyarazi menshi kuri bateri zabo, kandi kubera iyo mpamvu zikundwa kurusha, quote, uncote modules zemewe. Bityo, igipimo cya lithium-ion consolidation mu Bushinwa kiracyari hasi cyane mu 2015. Cyari hafi 2%. Kuva icyo gihe cyariyongereye kigera kuri 10% mu 2019. Kirarenga inkoni ityaye mu jisho, ariko ibi biracyari kure cyane. Kandi framework ya 2018 ntabwo ishyiraho intego ku gipimo cyo gukusanya bateri. Ni ikintu gitangaje. Ubushinwa bwahanganye n'iki kibazo ku rundi ruhande rwa bateri, bateri y'aside y'icyitegererezo, iyi koranabuhanga imaze imyaka 150 ikora.ikoreshwa cyane mu Bushinwa. Batanga ingufu z'ingenzi ku modoka zabo kandi baracyakunzwe cyane ku magare ya E. Ibi ni nubwo hari amabwiriza aherutse gushishikariza kuzisimbuza iyoni ya lithiamu. Uko byagenda kose, kongera gukoresha bateri ya aside y'ubutare mu Bushinwa ntibihagije cyane ku byari byitezwe n'ibipimo ngenderwaho. Mu 2017, munsi ya 30% by'imyanda ya bateri ya aside y'ubutare igera kuri miliyoni 3.3 ikorerwa mu Bushinwa ikoreshwa mu kongera gukoresha. Impamvu z'iki gipimo gito cyo kongera gukoresha zirasa cyane n'iy'iyoni ya lithiamu. Amaduka acuruza ibintu bidasanzwe anyuranya n'amategeko n'amabwiriza bityo akaba ashobora kwishyura amafaranga menshi ku magare y'abaguzi. Abaroma bagaragaje neza ko lisansi atari yo ikoreshwa mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ubushinwa bwahuye n'ibibazo byinshi bikomeye byo kwangiza lisansi mu myaka yashize bitewe n'iyi mikorere mibi. Bityo, guverinoma iherutse kwiyemeza guhashya aya maduka asanzwe, muri yo hakaba havugwa ko hari arenga 200 mu gihugu hose. Intego ni ukugerageza kugera ku kigero cya 40% cyo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho mu 2020 na 70% muri 2025. Ukurikije ko igipimo cyo kongera gukoresha batiri zikoresha aside muri Amerika kiri kuri 99% kuva nibura mu 2014, ntabwo byagombye kugorana cyane.
Urebye ikoranabuhanga n'ibidukikijeNubwo hari ingorane nyinshi zijyanye no kongera gukoresha bateri za EV, inganda zatekereje ku buryo bwo gukoresha ibi bintu mbere yo kubishyira mu kaga. Uburyo bwiza bwo kubikoresha ni ukubikoresha mu mishinga y’amashanyarazi. Izi bateri ziracyafite ubushobozi bwa 80%, kandi zishobora kumara imyaka myinshi zitarashira burundu. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ziyoboye iyi nzira. Nyuma yo kugerageza bateri z’imodoka zakoreshejwe mu mishinga yo kubika ingufu zitarahagarara kuva mu 2002. Ariko Ubushinwa bwakoze imishinga ishimishije yo kwerekana. Imwe mu mishinga imaze igihe kinini ikora ni umushinga w’ingufu z’umuyaga n’izuba wa Zhangbei mu ntara ya Hebei. Uyu mushinga wa miliyari 1.3 z’amadolari ukomoka ku bufatanye bw’ikigo cy’Ubushinwa cyitwa State Grid n’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cya BYD, byagaragaje ko bishoboka gukoresha bateri za Second Life EV mu gushyigikira no gucunga amashanyarazi. Hari imishinga myinshi yo kongera gukoresha bateri za EV yavutse mu myaka yashize i Beijing, Jiangsu, kandi iragaragara. Guverinoma iri gushyira imbaraga nyinshi kuri ibi, ariko ndatekereza ko amaherezo irinda ikibazo cyo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho gikemura ikibazo. Kuko amaherezo ya buri bateri ni ugusubiramo ibikoresho cyangwa imyanda. Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yakoze akazi gakomeye mu gushishikariza ishyirwaho ry'uru rwego rw'ibinyabuzima ruteye imbere. Igihugu ni cyo gihugu cya mbere mu nzego zimwe na zimwe z'ikoranabuhanga rya bateri kandi ku ruhande rumwe, hari ibigo bikomeye bya V bifite icyicaro aho. Bafite amahirwe yo guhindura imiterere y'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere by'imodoka. Rero, iki kibazo cyo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho ni ikibazo cyiza. Ni ikimenyetso cy'uko Ubushinwa bwatsinze. Ariko ikibazo kiracyari ikibazo kandi inganda zakomeje kuremba no gushyiraho imiyoboro ikwiye yo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho, amategeko n'ikoranabuhanga.
Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa ishobora kureba politiki ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kugira ngo ibone ubuyobozi, ishishikarize kandi ishyireho uburyo bukwiye bwo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho. Kandi inkunga igomba gutangwa ku bigo biri mu nganda zikora ikoranabuhanga mbere yo gutunganya no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho, atari mu nganda gusa. Bitabaye ibyo, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ibyangiritse ku bidukikije bijyana n'izi bateri bizaruta inyungu iyo ari yo yose tubona mu guhindura ikoranabuhanga rya EV.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-01-2023