IShayina iyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yezimoto ze-EV emhlabeni enama-EV angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-5.5 ezithengisiwe kusukela ngoMashi 2021. Lokhu kuyinto enhle ngezindlela eziningi. IShayina inezimoto eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni futhi lezi zithatha indawo yamagesi alimazayo okushisa. Kodwa lezi zinto zinokukhathazeka kwazo ngokusimama. Kukhona ukukhathazeka ngomonakalo wemvelo obangelwa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezifana ne-lithium ne-cobalt. Kodwa okunye ukukhathazeka okuhlobene nenkinga ezayo yemfucuza. IShayina isiqala ukubhekana nomkhawulo ophambili wale nkinga.
Ngo-2020, amabhethri angama-200,000 amiswa ukusebenza futhi kulindeleke ukuthi lesi sibalo sibe ngamathani angu-780,000 ngo-2025. Bheka inkinga yokulahlwa kwebhethri le-EV eChina esondelayo kanye nalokho okwenziwa yimakethe ye-EV enkulu emhlabeni ngayo.
Cishe yonke iShayinaizimoto zikagesi zisebenza ngamabhethri e-lithium ion. Zilula, zinamandla amaningi futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, zenza kube ukukhetha kokuqala kwezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi. Amabhethri anezinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu ze-cizingxenye kanye ne-anode, i-cathode kanye ne-electrolyte.se, i-cathode iyona ebiza kakhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu. Sihlukanisa kakhulu phakathi kwala mabhethri ngokusekelwe ezikebheni zawo zekati.Akudingeki singene shí kulokhu, kodwa iningi lamabhethri e-EV aseShayina anama-cathode enziwe nge-lithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt oxides, abizwa ngokuthi yi-MCS. Lawa mabhethri ayayeka ukusebenza uma amandla awo efinyelela cishe ku-80% okuhambisana nempilo yethu yesevisi yeminyaka engaba ngu-8 kuya kweyi-10. Lokhu, vele, kuncike ezintweni ezithile ezifana nemvamisa yokushaja, imikhuba yokushayela, kanye nezimo zomgwaqo.
Bengicabanga ukuthi ungathanda ukwazi. Ngegagasi lokuqala elikhulu lama-EVNjengoba beqala ukusebenza phakathi kuka-2010 no-2011, ingqalasizinda yokuqoqa nokucubungula la mabhethri kwakuzodingeka ukuthi isheshe ilungele ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka. Leyo kwakuyinselele kanye nesikhathi okwakufanele uhulumeni waseShayina abhekane naso. Ngemva kwama-Olimpiki aseBeijing, uHulumeni waseShayina waqala ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwama-EV emphakathini jikelele. Ngalesi sikhathi imithethonqubo kuphela abayishilo yayiphathelene nezindinganiso zokuphepha embonini. Njengoba izingxenye eziningi zamabhethri zinobuthi kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kuka-2010 kwabonakala ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi kanye nesidingo esikhula ngokushesha sendlela yokubhekana nokungcola kwazo.
Ngo-2012, i-goi-vernmeI-NT ikhiphe isiqondiso senqubomgomo yemboni ye-EV iyonke kuyo okokuqala, lesi siqondiso sigcizelele isidingo, phakathi kwezinyeIzinto ze-r, uhlelo olusebenzayo lokuvuselela amabhethri e-EV. Ngo-2016, iminyango eminingana yahlangana ukuze isungule isiqondiso esihlangene senkinga yemfucuza yamabhethri e-EV. Abakhiqizi be-EV bazoba nesibopho sokubuyisa amabhethri ezimoto zabo. Kumelwe basungule amanethiwekhi esevisi yokuthengisa abo noma bathembe umuntu wesithathu ukuthi aqoqe amabhethri emfucuza e-EV.
Uhulumeni waseShayina uthambekele ekumemezeleni inqubomgomo, isiqondiso noma isiqondiso kuqala ngaphambi kokubeka imithetho ecacile kamuva. Isimemezelo sika-2016 siqinisekisa izinkampani ze-EV ukuthi zilindele okwengeziwe kulokhu eminyakeni ezayo. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2018, ukulandelwa kohlaka lwenqubomgomo kwaphuma ngokushesha, okubizwa ngokuthi izinyathelo zesikhashana zokuphathwa kokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamabhethri kagesi ezimoto ezintsha zamandla. Uyazibuza ukuthi ubiza ama-eaves kanye nama-hybrid. Uhlaka oluzophoqelela umthetho luzoba uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi noma i-MIIT.
Kuthembisile emuvaNgo-2016, lolu hlaka lubeka umthwalo ezinhlanganweni ezizimele ezifana nabakhiqizi bamabhethri e-EV kanye ne-EV ababhekana nale nkinga. Uhulumeni uzokwenza konke okusemandleni akhe.Bheka ezinye izici zobuchwepheshe zalo mzamo, kodwa ngeke bazenzele bona. Lolu hlaka lwakhiwe phezu kwenqubomgomo yokuphatha ejwayelekile eyamukelwa amaShayina. Ibizwa ngokuthi Umthwalo Wokukhiqiza Owengeziwe noma i-EPR. Umqondo ongokomoya uwukushintsha umthwalo wemfanelo usuke kohulumeni basekhaya nabezifundazwe uye kubakhiqizi ngokwabo.
Uhulumeni waseShayina wamukela i-EPR, engikholwa ukuthi yavela ezifundweni zaseNtshonalanga ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Njengempendulo eziqondisweni ze-EU mayelana nenkinga ekhulayo yemfucuza ye-E, futhi kunengqondo uma uhulumeni kunguye ohlanza yonke le mfucuza ye-E. Izinkampani ezenza lokho mfucuza ngeke ziphinde zikhuthazwe ukwenza izinto zazo zibe lula ukuzisebenzisa kabusha. Ngakho-ke ngomoya we-EPR bonke abenzi bamabhethri e-EV kufanele baklame amabhethri okulula ukuwahlanganisa futhi banikeze imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, yokuphela kokuphila kumakhasimende abo - Ama-EV amaka i-d omaka be-EV ukuze bamise futhi basebenzise amanethiwekhi abo okuqoqa nokuvuselela amabhethri noma bawanikeze abanye abantu. Uhulumeni uzosiza ekumiseni amazinga kazwelonke ukuze inqubo ibe lula. Uhlaka lubonakala luhle kakhulu ngaphandle, kodwa kunezinkinga ezithile ezicacile.
Manje njengoba sesiwazi umlando nenqubomgomo, singangena ngemininingwane embalwa yobuchwepheshe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamabhethri e-EV. Amabhethri angasebenzi angene ohlelweni ngeziteshi ezimbili ezivela ezimotweni ezithathelwa indawo yebhethri kanye nasezimotweni. Ekupheleni kokuphila kwawo. Kwaba bamuva, ibhethri lisesemotweni futhi lisuswa njengengxenye yenqubo yokudiliza ekupheleni kokuphila. Lokhu kusalokhu kuyinqubo esetshenziswa ngesandla, ikakhulukazi eShayina. Ngemuva kwalokho kuyisinyathelo esibizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kwangaphambili. Amaseli ebhethri kufanele akhishwe ephaketheni futhi avulwe, okuyinselele njengoba kungekho ukwakheka kwephakethe lebhethri okujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke kufanele kwenziwe ngesandla kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile.
Uma ibhethri selisusiwed, kwenzekani neI-xt incike ohlotsheni lwebhethri le-lithium-ion ngaphakathi emotweni. Ake siqale ngebhethri le-NMC, elivame kakhulu eShayina. Abavuseleli bamabhethri abane be-NMC bafuna ukululama. Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-cathode. Ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho kuka-2019 kulinganisela ukuthi naphezu kokwenza u-4% kuphela wesisindo samabhethri, benza ngaphezu kuka-60% wenani lokusindisa amabhethri lilonke. Ubuchwepheshe bokuvuselela i-NMC buvuthiwe. I-Sony yaqala ngo-1999. Kunezindlela ezimbili ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe, i-Pyro metallurgical kanye ne-hydro metallurgical. Ake siqale nge-Pyro metallurgical. I-Pyro isho umlilo. Ibhethri lincibilikiswa libe yingxube yensimbi, ithusi, i-cobalt, kanye ne-nickel.
Izinto ezinhle bese zibuyiswa kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-hydro metallurgical. Izindlela ze-Pyro ziyasha. Ama-electrolyte, amapulasitiki kanye nosawoti we-lithium. Ngakho-ke akuzona zonke izinto ezingabuyiswa. Ikhipha amagesi anobuthi adinga ukucutshungulwa, futhi inamandla amaningi, kodwa iye yamukelwa kabanzi yimboni. Izindlela ze-hydro metallurgical zisebenzisa i-solvent yamanzi ukuhlukanisa izinto ezifunwayo nge-cobalt ekwakhiweni. Izinyibilikisi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-sulfuric acid kanye ne-hydrogen peroxide, kodwa kunezinye eziningi futhi. Azikho kulezi zindlela ezifanele futhi kudingeka umsebenzi owengeziwe ukuze kulungiswe ukushiyeka kwazo kobuchwepheshe. Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate akha cishe ama-30% emakethe ye-EV yaseShayina kusukela ngo-2019. Lawa mabhethri anamandla awaphezulu njengozakwabo be-NMC, kodwa awanayo izakhi ezifana ne-nickel ne-cobalt. Kuphinde kube khona okuphephile.
I-China nayo ihamba phambili emhlabeniesayensini nasekuthengisweni kwe-lithium iron phosphate, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri, inkampani yaseShayina, ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-ampere. Ungomunye wabaholi bokukhiqiza kule ndawo. Kufanele kube nengqondo ukuthi imboni yezwe ikwazi ukuphinda isebenzise la maseli. Lokho kusho ukuthi, ukuphinda isebenzise lezi zinto kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kunalokho obekulindelwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zinenhlanganisela yezinto ezahlukahlukene, okudinga umsebenzi owengeziwe wokwelapha obizayo,bese kuba yi-lithium ngokwezomnothoAmabhethri e-iron phosphate awanazo izinsimbi eziyigugu ezifana namabhethri e-NMC awaziyo i-nickel, ithusi, noma i-cobalt. Futhi lokhu kuholele ekusweleni kokutshalwa kwezimali kule niche. Kunezinye izivivinyo ze-hydro metallurgical ezithembisayo ezikwazile ukukhipha kufika ku-85% we-lithium ngesimo se-lithium carbonate.Ukuqagela ukuthi kuzobiza cishe u-$650ukucubungulaithani lamabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate asetshenzisiwe. Lokho kufaka phakathi izindleko zamandla nezinto zokwakha, singabali izindleko zokwakhaifektri. Ukubuyiswa okungenzeka kanye nokuthengiswa kabusha kwe-lithium kungasiza ekwenzeni ukuvuselelwa kube lula ngokwezomnotho, kodwa ijaji lisakhuluma ngalokhu. Ingabe lezi zindlela azikaqaliswa ngezinga lezentengiselwano? Uhlaka luka-2018 lubeka okuningi, kodwa lushiya izinto ezimbalwa ezifiselekayo. Njengoba sonke sazi empilweni, akuzona zonke izinto ezifika kalula. Kunezimbobo ezimbalwa ezingekho lapha, ngakho ake sixoxe kancane ngeminye yemibuzo yenqubomgomo esekhona emoyeni. Umgomo oyinhloko wezibalo ekukhululweni noma amazinga okubuyiselwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe. 98% we-nickel cobalt, i-manganese 85% ye-lithium uqobo kanye no-97% wezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba. Ngokwemvelo, konke lokhu kungenzeka. Isibonelo, ngisanda kukhuluma ngokubuyiselwa okungu-85% noma ngaphezulu kwe-lithium kusuka kumabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate. Ngiphinde ngasho ukuthi kuzoba nzima ukufeza lokhu okuphezulu kwethiyori ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwangempela kanye nomehluko emhlabathini. Khumbula, kunezindlela eziningi amaseli ebhethri angenziwa ngazo. Apakishwe, athengiswe futhi asetshenziswe. Akukho ndawo eseduze nokulungiswa kwesimo esikubonayo ngamabhethri asilinda athengiswa ku-711 yakho. Uhlaka lwenqubomgomo alunazo izibonelelo ezibonakalayo kanye nokusekelwa kwezwe ukuze lokhu kube ngokoqobo. Okunye okukhathazayo kakhulu ukuthi uhlaka lwenqubomgomo yezomnotho alunazot sabe imali yokukhuthaza ukuqoqwa kwamabhethri asetshenzisiwe. Kunezinhlelo ezimbalwa zokuhlola zokuthenga kabusha eziqhutshwa omasipala, kodwa akukho lutho ezingeni likazwelonke. Lokhu kungashintsha, mhlawumbe ngentela noma intela, kodwa njengamanje abadlali bemboni ezimele kufanele bazixhase bona. Lokhu kuyinkinga ngoba kuncane kakhulu okukhuthazwayo kwezomnotho ngalaba bakhiqizi abakhulu be-EV ukuthi baqoqe futhi basebenzise kabusha amabhethri abo.
Kusukela ngo-2008 kuya ku-2015, izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nebhethri le-EV zehle kusukela ku-1000 USD nge-kilowatt ihora kuya ku-268. Lowo mkhuba kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. Ukwehla kwezindleko kwenze kwaba lula kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuye kwehlisa nesisusa sokuqoqa nokuvuselela la mabhethri. Futhi njengoba la mabhethri nawo ehlukene, kunzima ukwandisa izinqubo zokuqoqa ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokusetshenziswa kanye nokuvuselela, ngakho-ke lonke ibhizinisi liphenduka libe yindleko kubakhiqizi balo. Obani asebevele besebenza ngemingcele emincane kakhulu ekuqaleni?
Noma kunjalo, abenzi be-EV ngokomthetho bangabaphambili ekuphatheni nasekuvuseleleni amabhethri abo amadala asetshenzisiwe, futhi naphezu kokungakhangi kwezomnotho kwalo lonke ibhizinisi, bebelokhu bekhuthele ekubambisaneni nezinkampani ezinkulu ukusungula iziteshi ezisemthethweni zokuvuselela ibhethri. Izinkampani ezimbalwa ezinkulu zokuvuselela sezivele zavela. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukuvuselela iTyson kuZhejiang Huayou Cobalt. I-Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, i-Hunan Brunp kanye nomholi wemakethe i-GEM. Kodwa naphezu kokuba khona kwalezi zinkampani ezinkulu ezinelayisensi, iningi lomkhakha wokuvuselela kabusha waseShayina lakhiwe ngama-workshop amancane, angenalayisensi. Lezi zitolo ezingakahleleki azinawo amathuluzi noma ukuqeqeshwa okufanele. Ngokuyisisekelo ziya kuBasebenzisa la mabhethri ukuze bathole izinto zabo ze-cathode, bawathengisele kabusha umuntu obiza kakhulu bese belahla okunye. Ngokusobala, lokhu kuyingozi enkulu yokuphepha kanye nemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu kugwema imithetho nemigomo, lawa ma-chop shop angakhokhela abanikazi be-EV amabhethri abo kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho athandwa kakhulu kuneziteshi ezisemthethweni. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokuvuselela kabusha i-lithium-ion eShayina lisephansi kakhulu ngo-2015. Lalicishe libe ngu-2%. Kusukela lapho selikhule laya ku-10% ngo-2019. Lishaya into ebukhali emehlweni, kodwa lokhu kusekude kakhulu nokufaneleka. Futhi uhlaka luka-2018 alubeki umgomo emazingeni okuqoqwa kwamabhethri. Ukushiywa okungajwayelekile. IShayina ibilokhu ilwa nale nkinga kwenye indawo yebhethri, ibhethri le-lead acid elihlonishwayo, lobu buchwepheshe obuneminyaka engu-150 ubudala.isetshenziswa kakhulu eShayina. Banikeza amandla amakhulu ezimotweni zabo futhi basathandwa kakhulu ngamabhayisikili e-E. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kwemithetho yakamuva yokukhuthaza ukushintshwa kwawo nge-lithium ion. Noma kunjalo, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ibhethri le-lead acid laseShayina akufinyeleli kakhulu okulindelwe kanye nezilinganiso. Ngo-2017, ngaphansi kwama-30% wamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.3 emfucuza yebhethri le-lead acid ekhiqizwa eShayina iphinda isetshenziswe. Izizathu zaleli phesenti eliphansi lokuphinda kusetshenziswe zifana kakhulu necala le-lithium ion. Izitolo zokusika ezingakahleleki ziyayigwema imithetho nemigomo ngakho-ke zingakwazi ukukhokha okuningi kakhulu ngamabhethri abathengi. AmaRoma akwenze kwacaca ukuthi i-lead akuyona into enobungani nemvelo kakhulu laphaya. IShayina ibhekane nezigameko eziningi ezinkulu zoshevu we-lead eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yalokhu kuphathwa kabi. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni usanda kuthembisa ukuqeda lezi zitolo ezingakahleleki, okulinganiselwa ukuthi zingaphezu kwama-200 ezweni lonke. Umgomo ukuzama ukufinyelela iphesenti lokuvuselela elingu-40% ngo-2020 kanye no-70% ngo-2025. Uma ubheka ukuthi iphesenti lokuvuselela amabhethri ane-lead acid eMelika beliku-99% kusukela okungenani ngo-2014, akufanele kube nzima kangako.
Uma ubheka ubuchwepheshe kanye nemveloNgenxa yezinkinga ezinkulu ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamabhethri e-EV, imboni icabange ngezindlela zokusebenzisa lezi zinto kakhudlwana ngaphambi kokuzithumela ethuneni lazo. Inketho engcono kakhulu engaba khona kungaba ukuwasebenzisa kabusha kumaphrojekthi egridi yamandla. Lawa mabhethri asenamandla angu-80% phela, futhi asengaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuba aphele unomphela. I-United States ihola indlela lapha. Njengoba ike yazama amabhethri ezimoto ezisetshenzisiwe kumaphrojekthi okugcina amandla angasebenzi kusukela ngo-2002. Kodwa iShayina yenze amaphrojekthi okubonisa athakazelisayo. Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinde kakhulu yiphrojekthi yamandla omoya nelanga yaseZhangbei esifundazweni saseHebei. Le phrojekthi eyizigidigidi eziyi-1.3 zamaRandi ivela emzamweni ohlanganyelwe webhizinisi likahulumeni waseShayina i-State Grid kanye nomkhiqizi wamabhethri e-EV i-BYD, ibonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa amabhethri e-Second Life EV ukusekela nokuphatha igridi yamandla. Amaphrojekthi amaningi okusetshenziswa kabusha kwamabhethri e-EV avele eminyakeni yamuva eBeijing, eJiangsu angasebenzi futhi akhanya. Uhulumeni ugxila kakhulu kulokhu, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi ekugcineni kuvimbela inkinga yokusetshenziswa kabusha eyixazululayo. Ngoba ukuphela okungenakugwenywa kwebhethri ngalinye kungaba ukuphinda kusetshenziswe noma indawo yokulahla udoti. Uhulumeni waseShayina wenze umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukudalwa kwale ndawo echumayo. Izwe lihamba phambili ngokungangabazeki ezicini ezithile zobuchwepheshe bebhethri futhi ngokwehlukana, ama-V giants asekelwe lapho. Anethuba lokuguqula ngempela ukukhishwa kwegesi ezimotweni. Ngakho-ke ngandlela thile, le nkinga yokuvuselela kabusha iyinkinga enhle ukuba nayo. Kuyisibonakaliso sempumelelo yaseShayina. Kodwa inkinga iseyinkinga futhi imboni ibilokhu ihudula izinyawo futhi isungula amanethiwekhi okuvuselela kabusha afanele, imithethonqubo kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Uhulumeni waseShayina ungabheka inqubomgomo yase-United States ukuze uthole isiqondiso esithile kanye nokukhuthaza kanye nokwenza kube lula imikhuba efanele yokuvuselela kabusha yabathengi. Futhi uxhaso ludinga ukunikezwa amabhizinisi asezimbonini zobuchwepheshe bokuvuselela nokwelapha kabusha, hhayi nje ekukhiqizeni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nomonakalo wemvelo ohlobene nalokhu kulahlwa kwamabhethri kuzodlula noma iyiphi inzuzo esiyitholayo ngokushintshela ku-EV.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-01-2023